The Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1400

Key Terms

• First Estate- Nobility

• Second Estate-Clergy

• Third Estate- Peasants

• Feudalism- the king gives nobility land, and they, in turn, have the surfs or free peasants work the land.

• Scholasticism- The idea of merging current knowledge and church knowledge.

• ==Thomas Aquinas-==Thomas Aquinas was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He produced a comprehensive synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries. (10 reasons why god is real)

• Holy Roman Empire- The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages

• Catholic Church- The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church (center of medieval life)

• %%100-Years War- %%The Hundred Years' War was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. (1337-1453)

• ^^Black Death-^^The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353.

• The Avignon Papacy- The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome

• @@The Great Schism-@@the period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices

• $Conciliarism-$the theory of church government that places final ecclesiastical authority in representative church councils instead of in a papacy.

• Heresy- any belief or theory that is firmly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular, the accepted beliefs of the church

• Jan Hus- a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism.

• How did the 100-years war contribute to a decline of the Feudal system and the rise of centralizing Monarchies? Mercenaries were better fighters and required no land & only small sums in comparison to the knights who proved less efficient against men with sticks or longbows. This meant kings needed money not nobles to win wars.

• What were the socioeconomic effects of the Black death? How did they help to undermine the status quo of the Late-Middle Ages?    Fewer peasants + nobles still need labor = peasants are paid more

• How did the Avignon Papacy and the Great *western* Schism contribute to the loss of papal authority?  The hectic split of the church into 3 factions undermined church authority and legitimacy.

The Italian Renaissance

• Key Terms

  • Renaissance Humanism

  • Secularism

  • Classical Revival

  • Philology

  • Linear Perspective

  • Chiaroscuro

  • Civic Humanism

  • Niccolo Machiavelli

  • Baldassarre Castiglione

  • Neoplatonism

  • Pico della Mirandola

  • Michelangelo

  • Leon Battista Alberti

  • Florence

  • Medici

  • Milan

  • Venice

  • Doge

  • The Papal States

• Key Questions

  • Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

  • What were the characteristic features of Renaissance Art?

  • How did the political and social circumstance of the Renaissance contribute to the artistic “golden age?”

  • Why did the Italian City-States decline at the beginning of the 16th century?

State formation and expansion

• Key Terms

  • Centralization

  • The Ottoman Turks

  • Constantinople

  • Portugal

  • Henry the Navigator

  • Spain

  • Ferdinand and IsabellaThe Reconquista

  • Columbus

  • The Aztecs

  • Cortez

  • The Inca

  • Pizarro

  • Potosí

  • The Columbian Exchange

  • Plantation Economy

  • The Atlantic Slave Trade

  • Bartolome de las Casas

  • Michel de MontaigneThomas More

  • Poland-Lithuania

  • The Sejm

  • Burgundy

  • Charles the Bold

  • The New Monarchs

  • France

  • Louis XI

  • England

  • The War of the Roses

  • The House of Tudor

  • The House of Habsburg

  • Charles V (Carlos I)

  • The Italian Wars (a.k.a. The Hapsburg-Valois Wars)

• Key Questions

  • What motives encouraged European exploration  at the end of the 15th century?

  • What factors made it possible for Western European states to expand successfully at the end of the 15th century? (Political, Technological)

  • How did Portugal and Spain build their overseas empires? How did these approaches differ?

  • What were the effects of European expansion for Europe, Africa and America? (Political, Economic, Intellectual)

  • What political, economic, social changes during the Late Middle Ages facilitated the rise of centralized monarchical states?

  • What does a Monarch need to do in order to centralize her power?

  • What obstacles stood in the way of centralizing monarchs?

  • Give a detailed example of a state that became less centralized between 1450 and 1550.

  • Give a detailed example of a state that became more centralized between 1450 and 1550.

Big Picture Connections:

• Think about how the following issues are causally connected

  • The 100-years war, centralizing monarchs

  • The Great Schism, The Black Death, centralizing monarchs

  • The Great Schism, The Black Death, renaissance culture

  • Trade, urbanization, renaissance culture

  • Trade, urbanization, and centralizing monarchs

  • Renaissance culture, the breakdown of the feudal system, and centralizing monarchs

  • Decline of Italian City-States, voyages of exploration, centralizing monarchs

  • Others? The more connections you can make, the better you will remember it all.