5.1-The Enlightenment Reason over tradition, individualism over communal values Natural laws-governed political and social spheres Socialism and liberalism arose against conservatism New ideas = revolutions - Freedom from monarchy and constitutional elections - Nationalism Empiricism-knowledge comes from experience - Francis Bacon Philosophes - Thomas Hobbes - Life is “nasty, brutish and short” - Strong centralized government - Citizens should be willing to give up some rights - John Locke - Right to overthrow a corrupt government - Life, liberty, property - Intelligence, personality, etc. = ancestry - Baron Montesquieu - Separation of powers - Checks on British power - Executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government - Voltaire - Civil liberties - Was exiled by the French - Religious liberties and judicial reforms - Jean-Jacques Rousseau - General Will - Society could improve - Child rearing, education - Adam Smith - Laissez-faire and capitalism - Reduce government influence in economics Deism-diving sets natural laws in motion - Science over the Bible - Thomas Paine Social ills = industrialization - Poverty, slums Utopian Socialists-positive if ideal - Henri de Saint-Simon - Robert Owen Fabian Society-gradual socialists, reform society by Parliamentary means - H.G Wells - Virginia Woolf - George Bernard Shaw Feminism-equal rights and equality - Olympe de Gouges-French Revolution - Mary Wollstonecraft-A Vindication of the Rights of Women - Same education, more women in politics - Self-reliance - Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton-women’s suffrage, manage incomes, property, and legal guardians Abolitionism-end of the slave trade and serfrdom - Slave trade ended before slavery itself - Serfdom-declined as economy went from agrarian to industrial Zionism-the belief that Jews should reestablish an independent homeland - Anti Semitism Heimler’s History Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment Enlightenment - An intellectual movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason to reconsider the accepted ideas and social institutions of the time - The application of human reason and natural laws - Francis Bacon-empiricism, reality comes from senses - John Locke-Two Treatises of Government, natural rights, right to overthrow a corrupt government -Adam Smith-Wealth of Nations, laissez-faire - Deism-God does not interfere in history - Conservatives-strong belief in tradition - Women- - Mary Wollstonecraft-A Vindication of the Rights of Women, fair education - Seneca Falls-women’s suffrage - Slavery - Population increased - American Civil War - Serfs-emancipated 5.1 Powerpoint “Atlantic Centered”-Europe and North and South America - Began in France Challenge to the way it has always been-demand for reform Natural law-empirical rationalization and reason - Isac Newton - Francis Bacon Reason over revelations = logic over superstitions Deism-God created Earth but stepped back - Earth is governed by natural laws Thomas Hobbes-nature is “nasty, brutish and short” - Social contract-agreement with the Sovereign - Freedom for liberty, absolutism John Locke-Two Treatises of Government - The government exists to protect people, Constitutionalism - Personal liberties Economics - Bourgeoise = new middle class - Unnamed rich people, catalysts for change - Philosophe-toleration, reason, scientific method, self-governance, Tabula Rasa, natural Voltaire - Criticized tradition - Treatise on toleration-Candide - Anti Censorship Montesquieu - 3 branches of government: Executive, Legislative, Judicial - Attack tradition - Spirit of the Laws Adam Smith - Free market, Lassiez-Faire, supply and demand - Government functions - Protect society - Defend individuals - Keep up with public works Rousseau - Harmonize liberty and government authority - General Will-what is best for the good of the people Atlantic Revolutions North America - Divine right, state control of trade, aristocratic privilege, authority by the church, bourgeoise -Wanted liberties, equality, free trade, tolerance, democracy, sovereignty -Struggle for independence from the French - Colonists had autonomy - Internal conflicts, European wars, Carribbbean colonies = British is in debt - Taxes the Americans - Wants to go back to the way it was before - French assistance - Established a Republic French Revolution - Clergy, nobility, and commoners estates - King XVI, Marite Antoinette - Bankruptcy, commoners are upset with high costs, the bourgeoisie wants more power -Estates General-ancient representative body, one vote per estate - Commoners = easily outvoted, only estate affected by tax reforms - Forms the National Assembly, Tennis Court Oath, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Fall of the Bastille-mob stormed the prison - Great Fear-peasants attack, loot, riot, and force the nobility out - Abolishing of feudalism - March on Versailles-women are upset with economic shortages - French Constitution of 1791-bourgeois government, limited monarchy, taxed voting - Decline of French monarchy = a Republic - Democratic Constitution-male suffrage - French Republic-executes the King and Marie - Reign of Terror-Maximilian Robbespierre - National Convention, Committee of Public Safety - Napoleon Bonaparte-military leader - Seized power in 1799, coup d'etat - Preserved elements of the French Revolution - Bank of France, religious tolerance, civil equality - Empire-spread benefits, ended feudalism and established equality and religious toleration - Secular Law - Downfall-countries revolted - War of 1812 - Scorched-earth policy - Waterloo-Napoleon’s exile - Congress of Vienna 5.2-Nationalism and Revolutions America - Colonists had independent rule - Declaration of Independence-July 4, 1776 - Philosophy against the colonists and British rule - inalienable rights New Zealand - Maori rule-iwi groups - Unified because of Nationalism to fight English rule France - Debt = spent more than they could take in - Estates General-clery, nobility, and commoners class - Unfair voting = establishment of the National Assembly - Abolishment of feudal system - Storming of the Bastille, Reign of Terror Haiti - Enslaved Africans and Maroons rebel against French rule - Toussaint L’Ouverture-capable leader and general that produced a Constitution -Worked with France but was betrayed - Jean-Jacques Dessalines-organized the only successful slave revolt Latin America - Creoles-revolutionary ideals - Opposed mercantilism and wanted political power - Mulattos-shared wealth Bolivar Revolutions - Creoles desired independence but refused support from other slaves, natives, etc. -Simón Bolívar-Gran Colombia - Liberal-free markete economy and the abolition of slavery - Caudillos-local leaders with regional power bases - Either broke or made governments - The new governments established were conservative but banned slavery - Creoles - Women-still submissive, little education Philippines - Education was controlled by religious authorities - Went to Barcelona or Madrid for university - Jose Rizal-wanted autonomy, led a propaganda movement Italy - Italian Peninsula-House of Savoy - Count di Cavour-liberal that wanted Constitutional and natural rights and progress -Realpolitik-practical politics that used manipulation - Napoleon vs Austria - Giuseppe Mazzini-Italian resurgence - Red Shirts Military under Garibaldi Germany - Opposition to French occupation under Napoleon - Congress of Vienna - Otto Von Bismarck-nationalist, organized 3 wars for unification - Austria and Prussia vs Denmark - Prussia vs Austria - Franco-Prussian - 1871-unified Germany Balkans - Ottomans-slow power decline - Rise of Balkan nationalism - Greek Nationalism and independence Ottoman Empire - Ottomanism-create a unified, modern state - Limited religious, linguistic, and ethnic differences - Independent ethnic and religious groups-nationalism Heimler’s History Nationalist and political revolutions American Revolution - Colonists had power, the Crown levied taxes - July 4, 1776-Declaration of Independence French Revolution - Economic crises ---------> Estates General - Clergy, nobility, commoners - Representative issues ---------> National Assembly - Storming of the Bastille, peasant revolts - Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Reign of Terror Haitian Revolution - Enslaved Africans revolted against their owners - Toussaint L’Ouverture-rebellion against France New Zealand-British established dominance - Tribes unified to fight but lost Nationalism-unifying people with the same ethnicity, etc. Italian Unification-Count di Cavour-House of Savoy German Unification 5. 3-Industrial Revolution Preindustrial Societies - People grew their own good and made their own clothes -India cotton in Britain -------> establishment of British cottage industry -Cottage system-home spinning of cotton into cloth - Spinning jenny (James Hargreaves)-spun more thread -Water Frame (Richard Arkwright)-waterpower for spinning wheel - Interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney) for firearms - Division of labor-specialization - assembly line Agricultural - Crop rotation and seed drill = more food - More food + better medical care = higher population, people lived longer - More factory workers Britain - Mineral resources-coal deposits - Colonies gave them resources, excess capital - Rivers-cheap transportation of goods and materials - Legal protection of private property - Growing population, urbanization Industrialization-increased mechanization of production - Increased individual capital - Increased production and consumption of goods Heimler’s History-5.3 Started in England - Close proximity to water = rivers and canals - abundance of natural resources-coal and iron - Agricultural improvements-crop rotation and seed drill - Urbanization-migration to cities - Private property-freely invest - Colonies gave them raw/foreign materials - Capital accumulation-investments Factory System-mass and faster production - Ricahrd Arkwright-spinning jenny - Eli Whiteny-interchangeable parts - unskilled labor, assembly lines 5.4-Industrialization Spreads France-limited amount of labor, sparsely urban - French Revolution + wars = delayed industrialization Germany-numerous small states until 1871 - Unification = steel and coal production United States - Human capital = workforce - Immigration from Europe and East Asia Russia-railroads and exports of coal, iron, and steel - Trans-Siberian Railroad - Economy was primarily agricultural until 1917 Japan-defensive modernization, built up military and economy - Modernized to protect traditional culture Shifts in Manufacturing - Shipbuilding in India suffered from mismanagement and poor leadership - British designated some ships to be a part of the Indian Navy - Indian mining came to an end - Britain banned mining and metal works - The Indian and Egyptian textile industry suffered - British government taxed Indian textiles, started their own industry Heimler’s History-5.4 Britain -------> Belgium, France, and Germany - Had the same natural advantages - Later spread elsewhere United States-became the most powerful, industrialized country - European immigrants were useful in factories because there were so many and could be paid so little Russia-focused on railroad construction - Trans-Siberian Railroad - Increased trade with Eastern European countries - Steel industry Japan-industrialized for defense of ancient culture - Borrowed Western improvements to avoid invasions Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia declined - Oppressive British rule, navy took over Iron in India-prospered until the British imposed tariffs - Believed it was for ammunition to revolt 5.5-Technology in the Industrial Age Industrial Revolution-economically important - Molded services, better innovation and technology - Increased access to goods, distribution - Second Industrial Revolution-chemicals, stell, precision, machinery Coal Revolution-mobile power source - Steam engine by James Watt-harnessed coal power to create steam and generate energy -Water transportation-steamships revolutionized sailing - No longer reliant on wind patterns, could be built anywhere - Coaling stations - Cape Colony of Africa - Iron-mass produced - Valuable in transportation and energy - Coke and cast iron - Henry Cort Second Industrial Revolution - Steel production-alloy of iron and carbon - Bessemer Process - Oils-new source of energy - Petroleum, Kerosene - Chemical techniques-combustion engines, precision machinery - Electricity-electrical generator - Public power station -------> street lights and trains - Communications-transmit sounds via electricity - Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison Global Trade and Migration - Railroads, steamships, telegraph = exploration, development, and communication -Transcontinental Railroad - Desired capital - Industries were globally linked - More industrialization -------> demand for resources ---------> colonies Heimler’s History-5.5 First industrialization - Steam engine - Coal -------> steam -------> turn wheel - Factory system-water frame - Steamships-not impacted by wind, more trade - Locomotives-railroads that can carry lots of goods Second Industrial Revolution - Steel, gas, communications - Steel-mass produced, building block, Bessemer Process - Gas-from oil - Kerosene, internal combustion engine - Communications-telegraph, phone Consequences-increase in trade and mass migration 5.6-Industrialization: The Government’s Role Western technology and domination = preserve tradition vs modernization THe Ottman Empire - Corruption = rapid decline - Diverse population = ethnic nationalism - Other empires expanded at their expense China - Opium Wars ------> Spheres of Influence - Defeated foreign influence -----> Republic - Centralized government-too weak for industrialization Japan-strengthened centralized government - Struggle for independence and territory with the West - Adopted Western innovations Ottoman Industrialization - Overexpansion and no modernization = decline in trade and leadership - Muhammad Ali-new governor, independent from the Sultan - New reforms-established schools and newspapers, sent military officers to France - Sudan, Syria - High taxes on peasants = agriculture by the government - Cotton, textiles, armaments, ship-building, small shops - State-sponsored industrialization Meiji Restoration - Japanese isolationism-challenged by states wanting to sell - Matthew Perry - Overthrow of the Shogun ------> Westernization - Systematically visited modernized states to study institutions - No more feudalism-a constitutional monarch with equality and newly organized militaries and schools -Sponsored by agricultural tax - Abuse and exploitation of female workers Heimler’s History-5.6 Industrialization spread ----> governments forced to decide Ottoman Empire-stick man of Europe - Modernize nations pushed on the Empire, was weak against them - Poor leadership - Muhammad Ali-officer - Named governor, grew in power as Sultan declined - Industrialized-ships, textiles, arms - State sponsored Japan-isolationism to preserve culture - Industrialization = cultural freight of the West - Matthew Perry - Japan industrialized to protect their culture - Railroads, got rid of feudalism - High taxes 5.7-Economic Developments and Innovations Corporations-chartered by a government - Stockholders-partial ownership - Stock market Monopoly-elimination of all from competition Cecil Rhodes-De Beers Diamonds - Wanted to build a railroad from Egypt to Africa for easy governing and war - Failed Transnational Companies-across national boundaries - Shanghai Banking, Unilever Corporation-single person, flexible - Economic and political power Consumerism and leisure developed-standard of living Material goods-escapes from work - Commercialization of public culture Heimler’s History-5.7 Mercantilism -----> Capitalism Free market-no limits on wealth, supply and demand, minimal government interference Corporation-limited liability - Shared profits, little risk - Multinational corporations - Shanghai Banking, Unilever Rise of Consumer Culture-middle class - Standard of living rose-more disposable income - Leisure culture 5.8-Reactions to the Industrial Economy Harsh working conditions ------> resistance - Labor unions-right to bargain with employers, improved workers’ lives Expand who could vote-more representation - Reduced private ownership qualification John Stuart Mill-utilitarianism Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels-Communist Manifesto - Proletariat vs Bourgeoisie - Communism-eliminate social classes, there is needless poverty for some and endless wealth for others - Exploitation of proletariat class, bourgeoise should share wealth evenly Ottoman response - Sultan Muhammad II reformed - Abolished feudalism, Janissaries - Tax went directly to centralized government - Roads, postal service, directory of charities - Tanzimat Reforms - Secular schools, commercial and penal codes, Hatti-Humayan - Military and education - Economy-slow spread of industrialization - Cash - Men benefitted more than women - Young Turks - Hamidian Massacres Reform Efforts in China - Self-strength movement - Advanced military technology and readiness - Trained artisans in manufacturing - Kang Youwei-Hundred Years Reform - Eliminate civil service exam, establish Western systems, Emperor Guangxu - Empress Dowager Cixi-Conservative - Protected traditional systems Resistance to reform in Japan - Samurai-legally dollsved - Generos-elder statesman - Defended traditional ways - Improved literacy, rapid industrialization Heimler’s History-5.8 No regulations to protect workers - Poor pay, slums, tenements - Disease - Labor union-organized collective of workers who used their combined voice to bargain for reforms Franchise-right to vote - All men regardless or property ownership, all women Child labor-illegal for children under 10 in coal mines, mandatory education Free market economies - John Stuart Mill-capitalism is selfish - self-interest -harmful to working class - Utilitarianism Karl Marx-Communist Manifesto - Scientific socialism Ottoman Empire - Abolition of feudalism-established roads and postal service - Tanzimat Reforms= equality for all before the law - Secular schools - Young Turks-Armenian Genoicde China - Modernized for an independent China - Self-strengthening movement-preserve traditional values - Sino-Japanese War -----> Hundred Days of Reform - Abolished civil service exam - Conservative Empress Dowager Cixi - Accepted Western Institutions = trading rights 5.9-Society and the Industrial Age Little government involvement, rapid urbanization Inuman living conditions-tenements, slums - Open sewage, pollution - Cholera Established a police and fire department and public health acts - Better sanitation, increased standard of living Middle class-more goods, education, housing, and culture - Factory system and specialization - Unskilled labor, high competition Management-educated, literate - White collar jobs Factory work-separate family structure - Long hours, exhaustion, injuries, death - Child labor - Women in textile factories and coal mines-half a man’s wage - Middle class-housewives - Submissive, domestic - Feminism Toxic air pollution-smog = respiratory problems Water pollution Mass production = accessibility Factories = rural to urban Heimler’s History-5.9 Cities-rural to urban - Population exploded - Infrastructure-tenements - Poorly ventilated, unsanitary - Cholera - Water was contaminated Rise in standard of living-growing middle class - More consumer good and education - White collar workers Family structure-separation - Some women had factory jobs - Middle class-domestic Seneca Falls Convention-men and women were created equal Environmental effects-fossil fuels - Smog = smoke and fog = respiratory issues - Polluted water supply 5.10-Continuity and Change Economics - Western Europe = natural resources + capital + trade routes + population growth = industrialization -Mass production, factory system - Unskilled labor + assembly lines = more available and cheap labor US + Russia + Japan - More railroads - Japan and Egypt = state-sponsored Less output from the Middle East and Asia In-Class Review Emerging class of the Industrial Revolution - Upper middle and working, bourgeoise Adam Smith believe that government involvement in economies ----> laissez-faire Instead of the government controlling economy -----> Invisible Hand - Bourgoiese creates a survival of the fittest - Self-interset 3 Waves of Industrialization 1. Great Britain 2. Germany, US, France, Belgium 3. Japan and Russia Major difference in a way 3rd wave nations industrialized- state-sponsored Largest demographic shift in industrialized nations- urbanization Modernization and Westernization in Japan = Meiji Restoration Social Contract Theory-relationship between the government and people Find a comparison in the Chinese Dynasty and the Social Contract Theory -Mandate of Heaven Commonality-cause of the American and French Revolutions - Taxation Old regime-feudalism -----> nationalism Revolution-organized by slaves and successful - Haiti Thomas Hobbes= absolutist Enclosure Movement-closing off of property - agricultural revolution - Peasants off land - Industrial revolution-moved to cities for factories Harvesting of power-steam Communist Manifesto-Karl Marx and Frederich Engels - Eliminated social classes, equal society Role or middle class women-get married, domestic 6.1-Rationales for Imperialism White Man’s Burden-justified colonization of territories of the inferior - Nationalism, desire for wealth, religion, superiority Nationalist Motives - Europe-self-identity, national identity, loyalty to a state - Britain-EIC - Fance, expanded overseas - Italy and Germany-prestige, economic and strategic reasons - Spain declined - Japan pushed into Korea, Sino-Japanese War Racial Ideologies - Beliefs that they were inherently superior - Pseudoscience - Charles Darwin-evolution - Natural selection, survival of the fittest - Social darwinism Cultural Ideologies - Combined languages, customs, cultures, etc. - Introduced politics, language, education Religious Motives - Missionaries-adopt Christianity - Secular and religious schools - Medical care - David Livingstone-ended the slave trade Economic Motives - Commercial treaties with local leaders = more profits - Right to establish trade posts - Competition for best resources, and trade British East India Company-monopoly of British-Indian trade - Royal charter - Expanded to East Asia-Opium Dutch East India Company-monopoly of trade from the Cape of Good to South Africa -Strait of Magellan - Corruption and debt = government control