1. Tenses

The Future Conjugation; werden - to become

• Use: subject + conjugation + ……. + infinitive

2. Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns

• was = what

• wie = how

• wann = when

• wo = where

• warum = why

• wer = who

• wohin = where to

• was für = what sort of

• woher = where from

• wieso = why

• wozu = what … for

Relative pronouns

• connect a clause to a proceeding noun/pronoun

• opens a relative clause

• the relative pronoun cannot be left out in German, as it can in English

• e.g., the book (which) I am reading is very good

• e.g., kennst du den Mann, mit dem sie spricht?

Demonstrative pronouns

• der/die/das - used for ‘that’ or ‘those’ (jener, jene, jenes not used in modern German)

• dieser/diese/dieses - used for ‘this’ or ‘these’

Indefinite pronouns

• jemand - someone

• niemand - no one

• For einer, eines, eine, etc, the endings are as for the possessive pronouns.

3. Nouns

Weak masculine nouns

• WEAK VERBS = add -te then add the form of perfect tense ending e.g., ich sagte, du sagtest.

• STRONG FORMS = form different stem e.g., fahren -> fuhr; add perfect tense form to these stems.

• Some weak verbs will have variation in spelling e.g., arbeiten -> arbeitete but this does not happen with strong verbs e.g., halten -> du hieltst.

• Stems which end with -s lose an -e in du form e.g., lesen -> du last.

4. Adjectives

The Comparative + Superlative

• The comparative is when you say something is better.

• The superlative is when you say something is the best.

• Use kleinste/schnellste - when followed by a noun (NORMAL ADJECTIVE).

• Use am schnellsten etc - when there is no following noun (ADVERB).

5. Verbs

Modal verbs

• können, dürfen, sollen, mögen, wollen, müssen

  • Wissen works as a modal verb but not always used as one.

  • No umlauts in any singular forms.

6. Adverbs and adverbials

7. Determiners

8. Prepositions

9. Case

10. Clause structure and word order

11. Word formation