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USH Terms 2

USH Terms 2

  • Capitalism & Socialism

    • Capitalism - an economic system in which factories, equipment, and other means of production are privately owned rather than controlled by the government

    • Socialism - a political theory that advocates ownership of the means of production, such as factories and farms, by the people rather than by capitalists and landowners

  • Laissez Faire Economics

    • the idea that the free market, through supply and demand, will regulate itself if the government does not interfere

  • Trust-Busting & the Sherman Antitrust Act

    • an 1890 federal law that outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade

  • Factories & working conditions

    • Unsafe and unsanitary - child labor, excessive hours, dangerous conditions, low wages

  • Tenements

    • Immigrant and urban poor housing

    • Cramped, unsanitary, poorly ventilated, poverty-stricken areas

  • Labor Unions: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor

    • Knights of Labor - first national union, founded by Uriah Stephens, included workers of any trade and skill, recruited women and African Americans, functioned as a secret society devoted to broadening social reform, disappeared in the 1890s after failed strikes

    • AFL - founded by Samuel Gompers, a loose organization of unions of skilled workers of specific crafts, focused on specific worker issues such as wage, hours, conditions, “bread and butter” union

  • Haymarket Riot, Homestead & Pullman Strikes

    • Haymarket Riot - a violent clash in 1886 between union supporters and Chicago police that divided and weakened the labor movement

    • Homestead Strike - an 1892 Carnegie Steel plant workers' strike that was broken by the state militia and resulted in the union being shut out of the plant for four decades

    • Pullman Strikes - Pullman laid off workers and cut wages, didn’t reduce rents in his company town, workers sought help from ARU who ordered a nationwide strike against Pullman (no rails were worked on), federal militia stopped the strike because mail was affected

  • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

    • Someone dropped match/cigarette on top floor of factory → fire broke out and spread quickly because of textiles

    • Doors locked to prevent unionization → few means of escape, most women jumped to their deaths

    • Revealed poor and dangerous regulations and conditions

    • Factory owners were not penalized

  • Ellis Island & Angel Island

    • Ellis Island - NY Harbor, mostly eastern and southern European immigrants, took a few days to process through

    • Angel Island - SF Bay, Asian immigrants, took weeks and even months to process through

  • Push & Pull factors for immigration

    • Push - disease, collapsed economies, few economic opportunities, poverty, food shortages, discrimination, unstable govt, war

    • Pull - economic opportunities, religious freedom, democracy, freedom of expression, govt stability

  • Ethnic neighborhoods

    • Communities where immigrants practiced their own customs, spoke native language, opened businesses, etc.

  • Chinese Exclusion Act

    • Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years with exception of students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and govt officials

    • First ethnic group to be excluded from immigration based on race in the US

  • Progressives & Muckrakers: Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, Jane Addams

    • Progressives/muckrakers - people who favored/promoted change toward new ideas using the press to expose atrocities in society

    • Ida Tarbell - published writings on the rise of business monopolies and use of unfair practices → breakup of Standard Oil

    • Upton Sinclair  - published the Jungle, exposing poor/unsafe/unsanitary regulations in meatpacking/food industry, meant to help workers but also helped food regulations

USH Terms 2

  • Capitalism & Socialism

    • Capitalism - an economic system in which factories, equipment, and other means of production are privately owned rather than controlled by the government

    • Socialism - a political theory that advocates ownership of the means of production, such as factories and farms, by the people rather than by capitalists and landowners

  • Laissez Faire Economics

    • the idea that the free market, through supply and demand, will regulate itself if the government does not interfere

  • Trust-Busting & the Sherman Antitrust Act

    • an 1890 federal law that outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade

  • Factories & working conditions

    • Unsafe and unsanitary - child labor, excessive hours, dangerous conditions, low wages

  • Tenements

    • Immigrant and urban poor housing

    • Cramped, unsanitary, poorly ventilated, poverty-stricken areas

  • Labor Unions: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor

    • Knights of Labor - first national union, founded by Uriah Stephens, included workers of any trade and skill, recruited women and African Americans, functioned as a secret society devoted to broadening social reform, disappeared in the 1890s after failed strikes

    • AFL - founded by Samuel Gompers, a loose organization of unions of skilled workers of specific crafts, focused on specific worker issues such as wage, hours, conditions, “bread and butter” union

  • Haymarket Riot, Homestead & Pullman Strikes

    • Haymarket Riot - a violent clash in 1886 between union supporters and Chicago police that divided and weakened the labor movement

    • Homestead Strike - an 1892 Carnegie Steel plant workers' strike that was broken by the state militia and resulted in the union being shut out of the plant for four decades

    • Pullman Strikes - Pullman laid off workers and cut wages, didn’t reduce rents in his company town, workers sought help from ARU who ordered a nationwide strike against Pullman (no rails were worked on), federal militia stopped the strike because mail was affected

  • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

    • Someone dropped match/cigarette on top floor of factory → fire broke out and spread quickly because of textiles

    • Doors locked to prevent unionization → few means of escape, most women jumped to their deaths

    • Revealed poor and dangerous regulations and conditions

    • Factory owners were not penalized

  • Ellis Island & Angel Island

    • Ellis Island - NY Harbor, mostly eastern and southern European immigrants, took a few days to process through

    • Angel Island - SF Bay, Asian immigrants, took weeks and even months to process through

  • Push & Pull factors for immigration

    • Push - disease, collapsed economies, few economic opportunities, poverty, food shortages, discrimination, unstable govt, war

    • Pull - economic opportunities, religious freedom, democracy, freedom of expression, govt stability

  • Ethnic neighborhoods

    • Communities where immigrants practiced their own customs, spoke native language, opened businesses, etc.

  • Chinese Exclusion Act

    • Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years with exception of students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and govt officials

    • First ethnic group to be excluded from immigration based on race in the US

  • Progressives & Muckrakers: Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, Jane Addams

    • Progressives/muckrakers - people who favored/promoted change toward new ideas using the press to expose atrocities in society

    • Ida Tarbell - published writings on the rise of business monopolies and use of unfair practices → breakup of Standard Oil

    • Upton Sinclair  - published the Jungle, exposing poor/unsafe/unsanitary regulations in meatpacking/food industry, meant to help workers but also helped food regulations