CRUST

The outermost layer is made up of solid materials and materials.

Mohorovicic discontinuity: the boundary between the crust and mantle.

MANTLE

Consists of semiliquid rock.

• It makes up the lithosphere, the rigid outer part of the planet.

CORE:

extremely hot and dense due to high pressure and temperature.

Inner core: solid

Outer core: liquid

VOLCANOES

The most active volcanoes are located in two volcanic belts: The alpine-Himalayan Belt and the Circum-Pacific Belt (ring of fire)

Ring of Fire: Outlines the major trenches in the Pacific Ocean, is an active volcanic and seismic zone.

Alpine-Himalayan Belt: it reveals the collision of the African Plate and Indo-Australian plate within the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate.

What Causes a Volcano to be active?

Active volcano: associated with seismic activity, presence of hot water spring, and changes of elevation of earth’s crater.

Dormant volcano: has not erupted but may erupt based on seismic indications.

Extinct volcano: not active or has not erupted for a long time.

EARTHQUAKE EPICENTERS

Earthquake

Series of seismic waves traveling through the earth and is a result of a sudden release of energy.

Seismic waves: body waves that radiate outward in all directions from the center to the earth’s interior.

Focus: the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts.

Epicenter: the geographic point at the surface directly above the focus.

MOUNTAIN RANGES

Mountain: a landform that rises at least 300m

Mount Everest: the highest mountain with an elevation of 8848m - sea level and 3600m - base to peak.

Mountain range: chains of mountains

Himalayas: highest mountain range. Formed due to the collision of the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate.

Mountain belts: long chains of mountain ranges.

Andes mountains: Seven South American countries. Collision of Pacific Plate and South American plate.

Sierra Madre: the longest mountain range in the Philippines.

PLATE TECTONICS

1. Continental plates

   Plates that contain mostly continental landmasses.

2. Oceanic Plates

   It forms a portion of the ocean bottom.

3. Plate Tectonic Theory

   is the movement of the lithosphere that is produced by the landforms on Earth’s surface.

4. Continental Drift Theory

   It was Alfred Wegener who hypothesized that the continents were once single landmasses called Pangaea = All land

5. Convection Current

   It is the movement of materials caused by the difference in their temperatures.

6. Seafloor Spreading

   A process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge.

7. Magnetic Stripes

   Magnetic stripes on one side match the pattern on the other side.

8. Mid-ocean Ridge

   it is a large system of underwater mountains that has a rift valley or a deep crack.

9. Subduction

   Occurs when the old seafloor plunges back into the interior of the earth.

10. Trenches

    Deep, v-shaped valleys lie along the bottom of the ocean

PLATE BOUNDARIES

It is the movements of Earth’s tectonic plates that caused them to interact in a number of ways, forming different plate boundaries.

• Asthenosphere: plates that lie at the top layer of partially molten rocks.

• Plate boundaries: Border between two tectonic plates.

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES:

1. Divergent Boundary

   Plates that move apart. It is also called “Constructive boundaries” because new material is added to the plates.

2. Convergent Boundary

   Occurs due to subduction, and the plate moves toward each other or is pushed under one another. It is also called “Destructive Boundaries” because plate materials are subducted.

   • Three types of convergent boundaries:

     • Oceanic- Continental: subduction zone and has deep ocean trenches.

     • Oceanic-Oceanic: subduction zone, deep ocean trenches, island arcs, and undersea volcanism.

     • Continental-Continental: mountain ranges.

3. Transform Boundary

   Plates slide past each other. It creates a fault valley or undersea canyon.

EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENTS:

• Evidence from fossils

• Evidence from Rocks

• Evidence from Glacial Deposits

• Evidence from Climatic change

• Evidence from Paleomagnetism