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Philosophy: Introduction

Philosophy

  • arriving at truths in an objective way; love/passion for knowledge/wisdom

  • “PHILOS” - love/passion

  • “SOPHIA” - knowledge/wisdom

  • Classical Definition: the science, through the light of natural reason alone studies the ultimate principles (foundations/bases of reality) of all things

  • Simpler Definition: the intellectual search for the ultimate meaning of life [we, by nature, are philosophers]

  • Theoretical discipline; logical

  • Using the power of human reason/intellect in understanding the starting points/causes of the world (anticipate events in the future)

Approaches/Issues in Philosophy

  1. Metaphysics

  • study of reality/existence

  • Plato vs. Aristotle [Plato: Father of Western Philosophy]

PLATO

ARISTOTLE

what is real is not the world we see right nowWhat is real—Beyond spiritual dimensionsIdeas/concepts of things [because they do not change]Abstract is truth; physical region is not true

abstract reality is falseWhat is real—Physical world (senses)“To see is to believe”Abstract world -> questions 5 sensesSense data ->truth

  1. Epistemology

  • Acquisition of knowledge

  • Gain knowledge of reality/truth

  • Descartes vs. Hume

DESCARTES

HUME

use rationality

reason can be questionedNo theory because does not meet realityDo not expect much on the futureDon’t think too much and live in the present and open to possibilities of self-actualization

*METAPHYSICS & EPISTEMOLOGY = COMPLEMENTARY

  1. Philosophy of Religion

  • “the arguments for & against God’s existence”

  • For God’s existence vs. Against God’s existence

FOR GOD’S EXISTENCE

AGAINST GOD’S EXISTENCE

St. Thomas AquinasThe argument from designWorld is rational and intelligibleEverything in the world has a purposeRational because there is a great designer [God]

Feuerbach“God is a projection”Worshipping own natureAttributes linked with our own existence__Self-glorification__Marx“Religion is the opium of the people”ProjectionReligion > drug [the more you worship religion, you do injustice to yourself]To achieve progression -> engage in actionBelieve in self-authorityNietzsche“God is dead”Total rejection of Gods/gods in generalAchieve self-discoveryTo be happy and free -> DOMINATE

  1. Logic

  • science of correct reasoning

  • Arguments - forms of reasonings expressed in words/symbols

    • Premise - claims

    • Conclusion - final assertion about the world

  • 2 Types of Arguments

    • Deductive Arguments

      • General/universal to specific instances leading to a conclusion about life

      • Comprehensive claim/truth backed up by certain scientific facts leading to a certain conclusion about life

      • EXAMPLE: “All men are mortal” (general) ; “Socrates is a man” (specific) ; therefore, Socrates is a mortal.

*can become hasty/assumptive in their way of thinking

  • Inductive Arguments

    • Specific instances to general conclusions about life

    • Science and experimentation

    • More logically sound [checking deductive arguments]

*social norms->power relations->dominating purposes

  1. Cosmology

  • origin/standpoint of the world

  • Standpoint of religion [God created the world]

  • Darwin [evolution of matter]

    • Conservation of energy

    • No distinction between man and animals (same footing)

    • Reason/rationality/conscience -> forced upon humans

  1. Ethics

  • morality -> good or bad

  • Universal (Plato) vs. Relative (Nietzsche & Camus)

UNIVERSAL (PLATO)

RELATIVE (NIETZSCHE & CAMUS)

concept of good or bad is common to all

human beings are different from each other; morality is also differentUniversal morality - enslavementSocial constructs that do injustice to relative reality

  1. Aesthetics

  • art and creativity

  • Whether art unravels us philosophically or not

  • Does art connect with reality or not?

  1. Philosophy of the Personhood

  • philosophy of the person

  • Human nature and individualism

Relevance of Philosophy

  1. Critical thinking and Objective Thinking

  • Critical Thinking: we should not be spoon fed by society

  • Objective Thinking: pros and cons of something

  1. Openness to Diversity

  • open to different standpoints in life

  • Widen perspective in life

  1. Self-realization and Self-empowerment

  • Self-realization/self-discovery helps achieve self-empowerment

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Philosophy: Introduction

Philosophy

  • arriving at truths in an objective way; love/passion for knowledge/wisdom

  • “PHILOS” - love/passion

  • “SOPHIA” - knowledge/wisdom

  • Classical Definition: the science, through the light of natural reason alone studies the ultimate principles (foundations/bases of reality) of all things

  • Simpler Definition: the intellectual search for the ultimate meaning of life [we, by nature, are philosophers]

  • Theoretical discipline; logical

  • Using the power of human reason/intellect in understanding the starting points/causes of the world (anticipate events in the future)

Approaches/Issues in Philosophy

  1. Metaphysics

  • study of reality/existence

  • Plato vs. Aristotle [Plato: Father of Western Philosophy]

PLATO

ARISTOTLE

what is real is not the world we see right nowWhat is real—Beyond spiritual dimensionsIdeas/concepts of things [because they do not change]Abstract is truth; physical region is not true

abstract reality is falseWhat is real—Physical world (senses)“To see is to believe”Abstract world -> questions 5 sensesSense data ->truth

  1. Epistemology

  • Acquisition of knowledge

  • Gain knowledge of reality/truth

  • Descartes vs. Hume

DESCARTES

HUME

use rationality

reason can be questionedNo theory because does not meet realityDo not expect much on the futureDon’t think too much and live in the present and open to possibilities of self-actualization

*METAPHYSICS & EPISTEMOLOGY = COMPLEMENTARY

  1. Philosophy of Religion

  • “the arguments for & against God’s existence”

  • For God’s existence vs. Against God’s existence

FOR GOD’S EXISTENCE

AGAINST GOD’S EXISTENCE

St. Thomas AquinasThe argument from designWorld is rational and intelligibleEverything in the world has a purposeRational because there is a great designer [God]

Feuerbach“God is a projection”Worshipping own natureAttributes linked with our own existence__Self-glorification__Marx“Religion is the opium of the people”ProjectionReligion > drug [the more you worship religion, you do injustice to yourself]To achieve progression -> engage in actionBelieve in self-authorityNietzsche“God is dead”Total rejection of Gods/gods in generalAchieve self-discoveryTo be happy and free -> DOMINATE

  1. Logic

  • science of correct reasoning

  • Arguments - forms of reasonings expressed in words/symbols

    • Premise - claims

    • Conclusion - final assertion about the world

  • 2 Types of Arguments

    • Deductive Arguments

      • General/universal to specific instances leading to a conclusion about life

      • Comprehensive claim/truth backed up by certain scientific facts leading to a certain conclusion about life

      • EXAMPLE: “All men are mortal” (general) ; “Socrates is a man” (specific) ; therefore, Socrates is a mortal.

*can become hasty/assumptive in their way of thinking

  • Inductive Arguments

    • Specific instances to general conclusions about life

    • Science and experimentation

    • More logically sound [checking deductive arguments]

*social norms->power relations->dominating purposes

  1. Cosmology

  • origin/standpoint of the world

  • Standpoint of religion [God created the world]

  • Darwin [evolution of matter]

    • Conservation of energy

    • No distinction between man and animals (same footing)

    • Reason/rationality/conscience -> forced upon humans

  1. Ethics

  • morality -> good or bad

  • Universal (Plato) vs. Relative (Nietzsche & Camus)

UNIVERSAL (PLATO)

RELATIVE (NIETZSCHE & CAMUS)

concept of good or bad is common to all

human beings are different from each other; morality is also differentUniversal morality - enslavementSocial constructs that do injustice to relative reality

  1. Aesthetics

  • art and creativity

  • Whether art unravels us philosophically or not

  • Does art connect with reality or not?

  1. Philosophy of the Personhood

  • philosophy of the person

  • Human nature and individualism

Relevance of Philosophy

  1. Critical thinking and Objective Thinking

  • Critical Thinking: we should not be spoon fed by society

  • Objective Thinking: pros and cons of something

  1. Openness to Diversity

  • open to different standpoints in life

  • Widen perspective in life

  1. Self-realization and Self-empowerment

  • Self-realization/self-discovery helps achieve self-empowerment