Sofia Arce

THE OTTOMANS, SAFAVIDS, MUGHALS Introduction-The three empires emerge from the &ldquo;Turco-Mongol imperial identity&rdquo;-They overcome political barrier after the Abbasids-Centralized durable polities-known as &ldquo;gunpower empires, Islamic empires, patrimonial-bureaucratic&rdquo;-The three relate to each other more than they relate to their predecessor Gunpowder Empires-Hodgson and McNeil: argue the political strengthening results from the use of firearms-Khan: claims the use of firearms links to centralization-Military plays a major role-The Safavids prove that artillery plays a role in the establishment of a Muslim empire Islamic and Muslims Empires-These empires were not just solely based on religion-Some rulers did want Quranic precepts (the central religious text of Islam)-The goal was security, prosperity, and longevity of their dynasties-Islam was never a state religion-Even non-Muslims played a role in this society and in polity Connections and Comparisons-The 3 empires share: political, religious, literary, intellectual, and cultural traditions&nbsp; &nbsp; -This was due to travel routes&nbsp; &nbsp; -Islam played a role in influencing these&nbsp; &nbsp; -Each region still had its unique traditions-The empires connect Islam to a &ldquo;broadly connected global system&rdquo; Polity-1453- 1526: the three empires were formed during this time-share Turkic political traditions, aspire to follow in the path of the Mongols, and borrowed Persian ideas-Different political principles-Mughals: the were wars of succession after the death of a monarch-Ottomans and Safavids: developed systems containing succession rivalries-Ruler of the Ottoman, Mehmet II left an even stronger, centralized state, becomes a military leader-Ruler of the Safavid, Shan Abbas becomes military strong, recapture Iraq, does economically well-Ruler of the Mughal, Akbar: under his rule becomes stable, populous, prosperous, &ldquo;peace with all.&rdquo; Economy-3 main goals: wealth in order to maintain the ruling class, funding for further conquests and future ones, purchase and get art along with architecture -Taxes placed on agriculture, commodity production and commerce-Main income came from agriculture-Ottoman would tax non-Muslims, (to encourage commerce)-Waqfs: charitable, religious endowments -Safavid: used income from cash crops to trade-Ottoman: surplus trade with Europe, not much with Iran and India-Mughals: influx of European silver from the Ottoman, Safavid, and Europeans-Problems in any region would affect all other regions-Ottoman&rsquo;s reliance increases expenses, shell out money for naval campaigns-Lost revenue from lands-Weak center caused provincial notables to become independent-Safavids and Mughals benefit from European commerce-Mughals: hand jagirs (land grants) to officers, changed assigned retainers of empire every year-Ottomans: gave timar (land grants) to private soldiers, close connection to native place Religion and Culture-Timurids: Sunni Muslims-Mughals: became practical affiliation of rulers, comes in conflict with popular beliefSufism: reconstruction-Confessionalization- different faith practice, propagate their religion -All empires had common literary and artistic cultures-Architect: imperial forts, palaces and tombs, religious masjids, madrasas, maktabs, khagans- Poetry was derived from Iran with a touch of European Warfare-Mughals and Ottoman emerged out of war band, used infantry, cavalry, artillery, firearmsEngaged in open battle and sieges-Gained political power through control Decline-Ottoman: affected by external development-Safavids: internal failure; weak military, low in money, inefficient ruler-Mughals: internal failure; Aurangzeb (ruler), social religious and political change

World History

 Introduction -The three empires emerge from the “Turco-Mongol imperial identity” -They overcome political barrier after the Abbasids -Centralized durable polities -known as “gunpower empires, Islamic empires, patrimonial-bureaucratic” -The three relate to each other more than they relate to their p 