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Chapter 5 - Natural Biogeochemical Cycles

The Carbon Cycle

  • Carbon

    • Fundamental element of life.

    • Carbon is found in CO2, which makes up 1% of the atmosphere.

  • Plant Matter

    • A portion of atmospheric carbon is removed through photosynthesis in which carbon gets incorporated into plant structures and compounds.

  • Terrestrial Biosphere

    • Forests store 90% of the planet's aboveground carbon and 75% of soil carbon.

  • Oceans

    • Carbon dissolved in seawater is used for phytoplankton and kelp for photosynthesis.

  • Sedimentary Deposits

    • Limestone and carbon trapped in fossil fuels and coal.

  • Every year, billions of tons of carbon are exchanged between the atmosphere, plants, soil, and the ocean.

Nitrogen Cycle

  • Nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere.

  • Essential for amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

  • Nitrogen Fixation - Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia or nitrate ions which are biologically usable forms of nitrogen.

  • Nitrification - Ammonia is converted into nitrate and nitrite.

  • Assimilation - Plants absorb ammonia, ammonium ions, and nitrate ions through their roots.

  • Denitrification - Anaerobic bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites, nitrogen gas, and nitrous oxide.

  • Effects of excess nitrogen

    • Ammonia has tripled since the industrial revolution. It decreases air quality.

Sulfur Cycle

  • Sulfur in the lithosphere

    • Sulfur in the lithosphere is mobilized by slow weathering of rock material.

  • Sulfur in the hydrosphere

    • The main source of sulfur in the oceans is through dissolved sulfate.

  • Sulfur in the Soil

    • Main sources come from deposition from the atmosphere, weathering of rocks, release from decay of organic matter and fertilizer, pesticides, and irrigation water.

The Water Cycle

  • The water cycle is in a state of dynamic equilibrium by which the rate of evaporation equals the amount of precipitation.

  • Processes of the water cycle include evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation, infiltration, runoff, and precipitation.

Role of H2O, C, N, P, and S in the human body

  • Water - Helps to dissolve minerals, makes them accessible to the body, regulates body temperature, and carries nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout the body.

  • Carbon - Allows the building of long, complex chains of molecules.

  • Nitrogen - Found in many organic molecules, including the amino acids that make up proteins and nucleic acids that make up DNA.

  • Phosphorus - Found in the bone and in the molecule ATP.

  • Sulfur - Found in 2 amino acids that are important for giving proteins their shape.

The Carbon Cycle

  • Carbon

    • Fundamental element of life.

    • Carbon is found in CO2, which makes up 1% of the atmosphere.

  • Plant Matter

    • A portion of atmospheric carbon is removed through photosynthesis in which carbon gets incorporated into plant structures and compounds.

  • Terrestrial Biosphere

    • Forests store 90% of the planet's aboveground carbon and 75% of soil carbon.

  • Oceans

    • Carbon dissolved in seawater is used for phytoplankton and kelp for photosynthesis.

  • Sedimentary Deposits

    • Limestone and carbon trapped in fossil fuels and coal.

  • Every year, billions of tons of carbon are exchanged between the atmosphere, plants, soil, and the ocean.

Nitrogen Cycle

  • Nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere.

  • Essential for amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

  • Nitrogen Fixation - Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia or nitrate ions which are biologically usable forms of nitrogen.

  • Nitrification - Ammonia is converted into nitrate and nitrite.

  • Assimilation - Plants absorb ammonia, ammonium ions, and nitrate ions through their roots.

  • Denitrification - Anaerobic bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites, nitrogen gas, and nitrous oxide.

  • Effects of excess nitrogen

    • Ammonia has tripled since the industrial revolution. It decreases air quality.

Sulfur Cycle

  • Sulfur in the lithosphere

    • Sulfur in the lithosphere is mobilized by slow weathering of rock material.

  • Sulfur in the hydrosphere

    • The main source of sulfur in the oceans is through dissolved sulfate.

  • Sulfur in the Soil

    • Main sources come from deposition from the atmosphere, weathering of rocks, release from decay of organic matter and fertilizer, pesticides, and irrigation water.

The Water Cycle

  • The water cycle is in a state of dynamic equilibrium by which the rate of evaporation equals the amount of precipitation.

  • Processes of the water cycle include evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation, infiltration, runoff, and precipitation.

Role of H2O, C, N, P, and S in the human body

  • Water - Helps to dissolve minerals, makes them accessible to the body, regulates body temperature, and carries nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout the body.

  • Carbon - Allows the building of long, complex chains of molecules.

  • Nitrogen - Found in many organic molecules, including the amino acids that make up proteins and nucleic acids that make up DNA.

  • Phosphorus - Found in the bone and in the molecule ATP.

  • Sulfur - Found in 2 amino acids that are important for giving proteins their shape.