Before the War:

Missouri Compromise:

• In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
• banned slavery from the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands located north of the 36º 30' parallel.

Compromise Tariff of 1833:

• Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis
• Tariffs were lowered gradually over a period of 10 year to 1816 levels
• Stopped South Carolina from nullifying

Compromise of 1850:

• California became a free state
• New Mexico got territory
• Abolition of slave trade not slavery
• Texas got 10 million dollars
• Strict fugitive slave law

Kansas Nebraska Act:

• Nebraska territory be split into Kansas and Nebraska decided by popular sovereignty
• Kansas would be slave
• Nebraska would be free
• conflicted with Missouri Compromise which prohibited slavery in Nebraska territory

Bleeding Kansas:

• new England emigrant aid company paid people to go to Kansas to make it a free state
• when Kansas was having elections pro slavery people came from Missouri to vote
• pro slavery won and set up their gov at Shawnee Mission
• abolititonsts set up their gov in Topeka
• group of pro slavery rides burned down a part of abolitionist town Lawrence
• Brown hacked to death 5 pro slavery
• Civil war grew in Kansas
• need new vote
• pro slavery politicians created the Lecompton Constitution which stated that people were not allowed to vote for/against the constitution but for with/without slavery
• either way there would be slaves in Kansas because the constitution would protect slave owners

Dred Scott:

• Dred Scott:
• scott was a slave who sued for freedom because his lived on free soil
• supreme court ruled that he was a slave not a citizen so he couldn't sue in court
• he was property and because of 5th amendment he could be taken into any territory and legally held there
• stated Missouri compromise was unconstitutional and congress couldn't ban slavery in territories
• southerners were happy
• northerners and popular sovereignty supporters were mad
• Extended federal protection to slavery

Election of 1860:

• north democrats chose Douglas
• south democrats chose Breckenridge
• Constitutional Union chose Bellas
• republicans chose Lincoln
• lincoln won
• south carolina seceded
• democrats controlled house of reps, senate, and supreme court

Secession:

• south carolina seceded
• 6 states joined
• Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georiga, Louisiana, and Texas
• created Confederate States of America
• chose Davis as leader
• Buchanan was technically still president
• used force against southerners
• northern didn't like that
• southern states seceded in fear that republicans would threaten their rights
• southerners thought northern manufacturers and bankers depended on southern cotton too much

North:

• Industrial
• Manufactured and produced goods
• Advantage economically
• Access to machines that could mechanize farming without as much labor
• More transportation
• Motivation to preserve the nation
• Larger population

South:

• Agricultural
• Relied on cotton
• Little manufacturing
• Labor intensive so takes longer
• Motivation to survive and defend themselves
• Defensive war (war was fought in the south)
• Advantage in military
• Most of the generals were southerners

Civil War:

Leaders:

Confederacy: Jefferson Davis

Confederate General: Robert E. Lee

Union: Abraham Lincoln

Union General: Ulysses S. Grant

Fort Sumter:

• Southern fort help by the Union
• Confederacy demands surrender
• Lincoln’s options: send in food for hungry men
• Jefferson’s dilemma: attacks
• Union surrenders
• Upper south leaves

States that seceded before fall of Fort Sumter:

• Texas
• Louisiana
• Mississippi
• Alabama
• Georgia
• South Carolina
• Florida

States that seceded after fall of Fort Sumter:

• Arkansas
• Tennessee
• North Carolina
• Virginia

Slave states loyal to Union (border states):

• Missouri
• Kentucky
• Maryland
• Delaware

Free states/territories:

• Maine
• New Hampshire
• Rhode Island
• Massachusetts
• Connecticut
• Vermont
• New York
• Pennsylvania
• Ohio
• West Virginia
• Michigan
• Indiana
• Illinois
• Wisconsin
• Iowa
• Minnesota
• Kansas
• Indian Territory
• Colorado Territory
• New Mexican Territory
• California
• Oregon

Anaconda Plan:

Union Strategy

• Blockade southern ports
• Take the Mississippi river and split the south
• Protect US capital in Washington DC and capture Richmond, VA (confederacy capital)

Confederacy Strategy:

• Survive - defensive strategy
• Invade north

Battle of Bull Run:

• July 21, 1861
• 25 miles outside Washington DC
• Union is unprepared and retreats
• Confederate victory
• Both sides realize this will not be a short war

Wilmer McLean:

• “The war began in my front yard and ended in the my front parlor”

The war had not been going well for the Union armies around Washington, D.C. The Union had lost every major battle in which it had fought in 1861 and 1862.

Battle of Shiloh:

• April 1862
• Confederacy was hoping that Great Britain and France might help them in the war, giving the Confederacy an advantage
• Grant starts making a name for himself
• North’s first victory
• Tennessee

The stated purpose of the war by the United States was to save the Union. However, abolitionists and Republicans were pressuring Lincoln to make freeing the slaves a goal of the war.

Before freeing the slaves could be added to the war aims, Lincoln felt strongly that the Union needed a victory.

Reasons victory was needed:

• Lincoln wanted to show that his government was strong and could support or back up the proclamation
• Lincoln didn’t want it to appear that his government was weak and that he was asking the slaves to rebel against their masters

Battle of Antietam:

• September 17, 1862
• Gave Lincoln the opportunity to announce the Emancipation Proclamation
• Maryland

Emancipation Proclamation:

• Issued September 13, 1862 and effective January 1, 1863
• The war was no longer just about preserving the union it was also about freeing the slaves
• Lincoln addressed the enlistment of Black Americans in the United States armed forces
• Black Americans joined the United States military in large numbers which led to a larger army, one of the deciding factors in the United States defeating the Confederacy
• Jumbled because Lincoln tried to please all different people
• Freed slaves in southern states that seceded as a punishment to show that secession was illegal as a punishment to show that secession was illegal
• Lincoln didn’t free slaves in border states because he didn’t want them to leave the union
• The union wanted to issue this until after a win in battle
• Does not free any slaves but made that deal only last for a certain amount of time, there was a window to come back to the union
•  Makes the war about slavery for a few reasons but one was to keep other countries like France and GB from aiding in the war against the north
• Ends slavery and the 13th amendment was like a just in case
• Goes into effect on January first of the following year
• The only states affected by the emancipation proclamation were the southern states with slavery, no union states with slavery were affected by the no slavery thing
• After this many black soldiers enlisted to fight in the war for the north

US Army:

• 179,000 Black soldiers served in the Union army
• 10% of the Union Army
• 19,000 served in the Navy
• 40,000 died in the war
• 16 were awarded the medal of honor for valor

Frederick Douglass:

• “Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, an da musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.”

Battle of Gettysburg:

• July 1-3, 1863
• Prior to the battle, Confederates were doing well
• General Lee wants to invade the North
• Hopes a confederate victory will help win Southern support in the North
• Confederate troops move North

• Run into Union cavalry
• Confederacy take control of the town

• North holds high ground

• Forces confederacy to fight uphill

• 3rd day of battle

• Lee was defeated and retreated to VA
• “It’s all my fault”

• Turning point in the war
• Confederacy never recovers from this loss
• South loses a huge amount of men
• South is put on the defensive

NYC Draft Riots:

• 1863
• “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight

The Gettysburg Address:

• Made the war about ending slavery
• The address was made at Gettysburg which was one of the bloodiest battles of the war and a cemetery was dedicated to those they lost in the war
• Explains where the war is going and what that means for the country
• The goal was for the union to become better for all races and regions
• The idea of the speech was to keep fighting so that those who have died have not died in vain
• The founding fathers made the land for all to be equal but the land is not equal, the goal of the war was to truly make the land truly equal for all

Battle of Vicksburg:

• Vicksburg, MS
• April-July 1863
• Union victory
• Confederacy is low on supplies, low morale, many soldiers desert

Sherman’s March:

• Gen. William Sherman
• Total war targeted military and civilians
• Marched from Atlanta to Savannah
• Destroyed everything
• “Make Georgia howl”
• 20-60 mile wide path of destruction
• 285 miles long
• Confederate losses
• 13,000 heads of cattle
• 6 million rations of bread, beef
• 90,000 bales of cotton
• Estimated $100 million worth of damage

Election of 1864:

• Lincoln (republican) = 212 electoral votes
• McClellan (democratic) = 21 electoral votes
• Lincoln and McClellan didn’t get along
• McClellan promised a negotiated peace
• Lincoln won

Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address:

• We must move forward together

Surrender at Appomattox Court House, VA:

• April 9, 1865
• Gen. Lee (Confederacy)
• Gen. Grant (Union)
• Generous terms
• Confederates

• Keep personal belongings (horses, sidearms)
• 3 days’ rations
• Not sent to prison but must follow the law

Lincoln’s Assassination:

• April 14, 1865
• Johnson became president

The civil war left a lasting impact on the nation.

Reconstruction:

Presidential Reconstruction:

• Lincoln’s 10% Plan: a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union
• Tennessee model
• Punish high ranking confederate officials
• Eventually ratify the 13th amendment
• Johnson: Restoration vs Reconstruction
• “The Constitution as it is, and the Union as it was”

Congressional Reconstruction:

• Radical Republicans vs Moderates
• Thaddeus Stevens: “The whole fabric of southern society must be changed”
• Core principles:

• Voting rights for all black men
• New state gov should be formed in the south to guarantee these voting rights
• The fed gov should be willing to take strong action

• Wade Davis Bill (1864) - 50% swear allegiance, deny public office to former confederate leaders, protection opportunity for freedmen, harsher punishment, pocket vetoed by Lincoln

13th Amendment (1865):

• Abolished slavery everywhere in the US

14th Amendment (1868)

• ALL persons born in the US were citizens
• ALL citizens are equal before the law
• 1st time national govt (not states) were required to uphold  rights of citizens

15th Amendment (1870)

• Right to vote cannot be denied on basis of race

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865 extended by congress over Johnson's veto in 1866):

• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands
• Assisted former slaves & poor whites
• Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Black Codes:

• Restricted black people's right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces.
• Basically slave codes rewritten as black

Hate groups and violence emerged.

Changes in the South:

• Sharecropping:

• Landowners divided land
• Gave workers, land, seed, and tools
• Cropper is a paid owner with a share of the crop

• Tenant farming:

• Farm workers rent land and supply their own tools

Civil Rights Act of 1866:

• First time there was a national definition for citizenship (it used to be determined by the states)
• ALL people born in the US are citizens
• ALL citizens are equal before law

Reconstruction Act of 1867:

• Establish 5 military districts
• Lead by union generals
• Ratified the 14th amendment
• Could reenter the Union if gave more protection to african americans
• Puts north in control
• States are little more than conquered territory
• Soldiers kept peace

Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment:

• He had:

• Vetoed freedmen’s bureau
• Vetoed civil rights act of 1866
• Vetoed reconstruction act

• Congress overrides all of these vetos
• Impeach - an accusation to formally charge an official with misconduct in office, can lead to removal from office
• Congress vs Johnson
• Violates tenure of office act - president can’t remove cabinet officers during the term of the president of whom appointed them
• Not convicted (failed by one vote)

Enforcement Acts of 1870s:

• Federal supervision of elections
• President can use federal troops to curtail KKK violence

Shortcomings:

• Limited enforcement
• Eventually undermined by supreme court rulings

Supreme Court Rulings:

• Slaughter house cases (1873) - most civil rights were ruled to be state rather than federal rights and therefore unprotected by the 14th amendment
• US v Cruikshank (1876) - the 14th amendment was ruled not to grant the federal gov power to punish whites who oppressed black americans
• US v Reese (1876) - the 15th amendment was determined not to grant voting rights to anyone but to restrict types of voter discrimination

By 1872, many thought reconstruction was done

Grant’s Administration:

• Corruption and scandals
• Shatters republican unity

Panic of 1873:

• Banks closed
• Caused a nation wide depression
• Diverts attention away from reconstruction and conditions in south

States returned to democratic party

1876 Election:

• Tilden (D) wins popular vote and short 1 electral vote
• Commission is formed (controlled by republicans)
• HOR must approve results (has democratic majority)
• 1st time a candidate lost the popular election and still became president
• R. Hayes wins
• Democrats return power in the south

Compromise of 1877:

• Withdrawal fed troops in the south
• Federal money to improve southern infrastructure
• Appointment of a conservative southerner to the cabinet
• Ends reconstruction
• Enabled Black Codes, KKK, etc
• Stops representation

Home rule - ability to run state govs without fed intervention

Democrats take over south govs and restrict african american rights, get rid of social programs, and dismantle public schools.

Civil Rights Act of 1875:

• Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places
• Prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection
• Ineffective because it wasn’t enforced

Plessy v Ferguson:

• strengthened racial segregation in public accommodations and services throughout the United States

Success:

• Freedman’s Bureau
• Increase in education
• 13th
• Civil rights Act of 1866
• 14th
• 15th
• Increase in representation of Black americans
• Reconstruction act of 1867
• Civil Rights Act 1875
• States readmitted into the Union
• North industry and south reconstruction improves

Failure:

• Assassination of Lincoln
• A. Johnson
• Black codes
• violence/terrorism
• Panic of 1873
• Election of 1876
• Compromise of 1877
• Supreme Court rulings