MUSIC

HISTORY OF AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

European countries contributed religions and languages like Spanish and Portuguese. Their music is identified by their rhythms, which they adapted from the elements of Moorish music and other African and Caribbean music in the slave trade from 1550-1880.

The enslaved Moors of North America in 1776 were prohibited from playing drums, but in the Congo Square in New Orleans, Caribbean slaves were free to play their drums for recreation and entertainment and also for communication. These were their “talking” drums, relaying current and timeless messages which are their history, struggle, and revolting joy.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, these rhythms spread, developed, and were canonized throughout the Caribbean, around the same time that another American art form started. In incorporates blues intonation, African drums and rhythms, Indian cymbals, European instruments, harmony, and musical forms with a syncopated beat, namely, jazz.

This developed a unique musical culture in countries in the Caribbean, and its influences include Latin rhythms and dances like Habanera and bolero in Cuba, samba and Bossa Nova in Brazil, and tango in Argentina. This is the reason for the existence of rich music and dance like jazz, tango, cha-cha, rumba, foxtrot, and pasodoble.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

1. Conversation: “Call and response” – a performance of voice interaction as an answer to the first chant.

2. Improvisation: Non-scripted ways of singing that allow for sincere conversations.

3. The voice as an Instrument: It is the manipulation of a freely controlled piece where they can change the tone of voice, its tempo, the creation of moods, and even changing the range and voice power.

4. The instrument as a voice: The instrument serves as a “singer” along with the performer.

LATIN AMERICA

The music of Latin America refers to music originating from Latin America, namely the Romance-speaking countries and territories of the Americas and the Caribbean south of the United States.

Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime.

The rhythm and styles of Latin American music are influenced by the United States and other countries in Europe like Spain and Portugal. Latin music is the combination of four musical elements, musical styles, cultural backgrounds, language, and geography.

Some of the musical styles are tango, bossa nova, merengue, and salsa, and also of other genres such as reggaes, jazz, rock, and Latin pop.

DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS USED IN LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

1. BOMBO – It is a dual-headed drum made from a deep tree trunk with patches made up of calf or goat skin; it is played using two sticks.

2. QUENA – It is a flute made of bones or bamboo that has a vertical-notched reed.

3. CHAJCHAS – It is a rattle made up of dried hooves from sheep, llama, or goat and is worn with a wrist cloth bracelet.

4. CAJON – It is a rectangular box made of wood; it is played and used as a drum. It is used by tapping its front part while the musician sits on it.

5. ZAMPONAS – It is a panpipe-type of reed made from pieces of bamboo that are tied together.

6. MARACAS - These are instruments made of gourd-like coconut shells with beans, seeds, or small pebbles placed inside; they are played by shaking.

7. CHARANGO – This is an instrument made from the shell of an armadillo. This is a ten-string guitar instrument.

8. CLAVES – These are a pair of hardwood sticks played by striking them together.

VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS IN LATIN AMERICA

1. CUMBIA – It is a type of dance and music similar to salsa and uses instruments like accordions, guitars, and percussions.

2. TANGO – This is a lively and spirited dance of two people. It is a passionate kind of dance that shows expression and connection, and is performed in a traditional or modern style.

3. CHA-CHA – This is a Latin American ballroom dance with the basic pattern of three steps with a shuffle. It has a fast rhythmic pattern.

4. BOSSANOVA – This is a style of music that was derived from samba, which is an original Brazilian music. It gives more emphasis on percussion and melody.

5. PASODOBLE – It is Spain’s traditional couple dance. It uses music that is traditionally played in bullfighting.

6. REGGAE - This is a Jamaican form of music and dance with strong, accented, and supplementary beats. In the 1960s, it was known as the ska and is a variation of rhythm and blues. The popular artist of this genre was Bob Marley.

7. RUMBA – This is a kind of song and a dance that originated from Cuba with a percussive rhythm and a combination of Cuba’s musical and dance traditions.

8. FOXTROT – It is a ballroom dance of two slow steps and two quick steps and is executed alternately in a 4/4-time signature.

ARTS

OP ART

Another Art movement was developed in the United States in the mid-1960s. Optical Art is a style that combines color and abstract patterns to create an impression of movement on the picture surface by means of powerful optical effects and illusions. In traditional paintings, the aim was to draw the viewer into the work. In contrast, Op Art pictures seem to move, vibrate or both, and reach out to the viewer.

OP ART BEGIN

Hungarian-born Victor Vasarely was one of the key figures in the creation of Op Art. His lifelong fascination with line and pattern, along with his experiments on creating illusion of movement in his paintings, became a significant influence on younger artists of the time.

Another artist, M. C. Mescher—whose style has sometimes been called Op Art in origin—created works with interesting but complicated compositions. His staircases and waterfalls seem to go up at the same time as they go down.

Characteristics of OP Art

1. First and foremost, Op Art exists to fool the eye. Op compositions create a sort of visual tension in the viewer’s mind that gives works the illusion of movement. For example, concentrate on Bridget Riley’s “Making Waves”—for even a few seconds—and you’ll see that it seems to dance and wave in front of your eyes.

2. Because of its geometrically based nature, Op Art has, almost without exception, eliminated realistic subject matter.

3. The elements—color, line, and shape—are carefully chosen to achieve maximum effect. In Op Art, the aim is to draw the viewer into the work in, more or less, systematic ways.

4. The more important techniques used in Op Art perspective and careful juxtaposition of color, like black-white. Likewise, in Op Art, positive and negative spaces in composition have equal attraction. Op Art could not be created without both.

   The relationship between the negative and positive shapes can create the illusion of movement and/or three- dimensional space on a flat surface.

Summarization:

Op Art is a style that combines color and abstract patterns to create an impression of movement on the picture surface by means of powerful optical effects and illusions. Op Artists are Victor Vasarely, M.C Escher, and Bridget Riley. The characteristics of OP Arts are: Op Art exists to fool the eye, geometrically based nature, Elements of Art, and Op Art are perspective and careful juxtaposition of color.

TECHNOLOGY BASED ART

One of the 1st artists to devote time and work with new technology was Nam June Paik. Paik was as fascinated by television sets themselves—their styles and designs—as by their impact on people.

One of his best works is TV Buddha, an installation in which he observed how in ancient times, sculptures of Buddha were carved out of mountainsides or cliffs, or placed in shrines, and pilgrims meditated before the religious figure. The television’s influence is so great, Paik’s installation implies, that it has even made a convert of the Buddha.

COMPUTER/DIGITAL ART

• Art that makes use of a computer is called Digital Art. In digital art, the computer, even more than most art media, focuses attention not so much on the product but on the process. Artists are excited about the “trial-and-error” capability for “seriation”, producing a series of images from a single image. Morphing can show interspaced steps between 2 images—for example, a person’s head changes into the head of a tikbalang or an alien.

• The pixel size can be manipulated as well, creating effects similar to weaving and mosaics. Sophisticated visual effects can be achieved by using a range of special tools or apps; for example, putting 1 image over another for different degrees of transparency, making forms grow according to predetermined patterns (fractalizing), or making forms appear as if they were in a reflecting orb (spherizing).

• “Kwek-kwek”, “Pee Noy”, and “Moony Pookyaw” are the names of the characters in the video game Streetfood Tycoon. The video games have been downloaded over 5 million times, used to be the top-selling game in various countries around the world, and has been chosen as the Best Mobile Game of 2012 at the Philippine Game Development Festival. Best of all, was created by Erick Garayblas, a Flilipino! It’s a game complete with Filipino themes and culture.

• Computers are very widely used by people today and the art that can be produced has become remarkably pervasive.

Example:

• Mobile Phone – photos and videos

• Digital Photography – Point-and-shoot and DSLR

• Digital Painting and Imaging

• Computer-generated Images

• Videos – in making advertisements, films, documentaries, and games

Summarization:

Technology-based Art is computer- generated and manipulated. Technology artists are Nam June Paik and Erick Garayblas. Computer Art is initially conceived and visualized with the help of a computer. Digital Art includes: Mobile Phone, Digital Photography, Digital Painting, Computer-generated Images, and Videos.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION-

SKILL RELATED FITNESS

This consists of fitness components that are important to success in skillful activities and athletic events, and may not be as crucial to improved health. These components include agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.

1. Power It combines speed and strength. In essence, it's how fast you can generate a maximal force. In sports, "power athletes" are those who exert brute strength in short, all-out efforts. For example, a sprint start, a shot-put or javelin throw, or long-jump, Olympic weightlifters, football players, and gymnasts.

2. Speed

   Speed is defined as the ability to move a body part quickly. Speed is not always about how quickly you can move your whole body from A to B. It also relates to body parts. For example, when playing golf, the speed of your arms and upper body in creating the swing is vital in driving the ball over a long distance.

3. Agility

   It is the ability to move quickly and to easily change direction. Agility drills commonly involve exercises that develop foot speed and direction change, such as:

• Ladder drills: Use an agility ladder to practice quick and specific foot placement.

• Cone drills: Set up cones in a "T" or star shape, then sprint, slide, backpedal, or change direction depending on which cone you're approaching.

4. Coordination

   It is the ability to use the body parts and senses together to produce smooth efficient movements.

5. Balance

   It is the ability to maintain equilibrium whilst stationary or moving. Balance whilst moving is often called dynamic balance. Balance is important in all kinds of sporting situations, most notably in gymnastics and ballet but also in contact sports. Balance is linked to agility, as in order to quickly and efficiently change the direction you must be balanced.

6. Reaction Time

   It refers to how quickly you can respond to an external stimulus. Reaction time hinges heavily on your mind-body connection. Your eyes see a stimulus, your mind interprets the stimulus, and your body reacts in accordance with that interpretation.

HEALTHY EATING HABITS WITHOUT DEPRIVING YOUESELF

1. Eating slowly will help you have a feeling of satisfaction when you have already had the right amount of food.

2. Eating a lot of fruits and vegetables and with a broth-based soup as a starter will help you feel fuller.

3. Making use of smaller plates help to moderate the portion of your foods, without the food actually appearing less in portion.

4. Drinking at least 8 glasses of non-caloric beverages per day will help you feel full, making it more feasible for you to eat less.

5. Putting snacks from large packaging to smaller ones will help you avoid overeating.

GUIDELINES TO WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

Recognize you’re eating pattern by maintaining a food diary to record your daily food intake and what you felt while and after eating.

OTHER FITNESS ACTIVITIES THAT CAN HELP YOU IMPROVE MORE OF YOUR PHYSICAL FITNESS AND HEALTH STATUS

ASANA IN YOGA

It is a body position that literary means “Posture” which is “seat”, usually related to the practice of yoga where the purpose is to establish and promote well-being and develop flexibility. Advantages of engaging in Yoga:

Some of the positions of Asana have various effects not only through the body but also in mind and emotion.

• Standing poses: Promote emotional stability and strength.

• Inverted poses: Help intensify energy, calmness, and sense of well-being

• Forward Bend: Promotes calmness and has a cooling effect

• Backbend: serves as anti-depressant and helps in elevating the mood

HANDBALL

A. What is the history of European Handball?

• Team Handball originated from Europe in the 1900s and recognizes over 140 countries as members of the International Handball Federation (IHF).

• Handball first appeared in the Olympics in the 1936 Berlin Games as an outdoor sport, with 11 players on a side It was not played again at the Olympic Games until 1972, where it was played indoors with 7 players on each side. Women's handball was added to the Olympic Games in 1976.

B. What are the objectives of the game?

• Handball is a combination of the elements of football and basketball. It almost has the dimensions of a basketball court and the rules of football except that it is the other way around, in which the players are not allowed to use their feet in controlling the ball; instead, players must use the skills like passing, dribbling, and shooting almost just like in basketball.

• It consists of six players (and one goalie). The ball is moved down and up on the floor that is larger than a basketball court and the goal is to score by throwing the ball into the net past a goalkeeper.

• A successful scoring attempt results into a single point. The goalie is the only player that is allowed to step in the goal area.

• A regulation game is played in a 30-minute halves with one team timeout per half. A coin toss determines which team starts the game with a throw- off. The clock stops only for team timeouts, injuries, and at the referee's discretion.

C. THE GAME PLAY

a. Players can take only 3 steps holding the ball.

b. Players can hold the ball only for 3 or 5 seconds.

c. They can't bounce the ball, hold it and bounce it again (Double dribble)

d. Players cannot pass their selves (air dribble).

e. Players can’t step on the goal area while holding the ball.

HEALTH

Existing National Laws related to Health Trends, Issues, and Concerns:

1. Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (RA 10354)

2. Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003

3. Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (RA 9165)

4. Consumer Act (RA 7394) RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT OF 2012 (RA 10354)

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW OR RH LAW

It is a law in the Philippines that guarantees universal access to methods of contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and material care.

Reproductive Health (RH)

It refers to the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and possesses.

FAMILY PLANNING

• It is a program that provides information and a means for couples and individuals to have the desired number of children that they can responsibly raise. Couples decide when to have the next baby and use responsible means to achieve their desired number of children.

• The program also provides access to safe, effective, affordable, non-abortifacient, modern, natural, and artificial methods of pregnancy planning.

IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY PLANNING

• To mothers: Taking a two- to three-year interval for delivery helps a mother to recover and regain health. It may also provide them enough time for treatment of chronic illnesses and may also prevent young and old mothers from unexpected pregnancy.

• To Children: The practice of family planning helps healthy mothers raise healthy children. Children get quality time and attention from their parents; they also have more opportunities to enjoy and be secure knowing that their needs such as food, clothing, and good education are being provided.

• To Fathers: Family planning lightens the burden and responsibility of the father in supporting his family as there are only a few to support. This also allows him to have time for himself, and his wife and children. Having extra source and enough time, he can actively participate in the community.

• To Family: Family members have more opportunities to enjoy each other’s company.

• To the community: Family planning improves the economic and social status of the community. The community will be a healthful place to live in with more land, open spaces between houses, playground, sanitation, and less pollution.

• To the country and the world: With the exponential growth of population in the country and the world, resources are being used more rapidly. Population growth has been a source of numerous economic problems.

TOBACCO REGULATION ACT OF 2003

Republic ActNo. 9211, also known as the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003, is an omnibus law regulating smoking in public places, tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and sales restrictions, among other requirements.

CONSUMER ACT (RA 7394)

Declaration of Basic Policy

It is the policy of the State to protect the interests of the consumer, promote his general welfare and to establish standards of conduct for business industry. Towards this end, the State shall implement measures to achieve the following objectives:

a.) Protection against hazards to health and safety

b.) Protection against deceptive, unfair and unconscionable sales acts and practices.

c.) Provision of information and education to facilitate sound choice and the proper exercise of rights by the consumer.

d.) Provision of adequate rights and means of redness.

e.) Involvement of consumer representatives in the formulation of social and economic policies.

Summarization:

Reproductive Health Law or RH Law is a universal access to methods of contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. Reproductive health implies that women and men attain equal relationships in materials related to sexual relations and reproduction. Family Planning is deciding the number of children a married couple would want.