Chapter 6

how is electronegativity used?

It is used to predict the type of bonds that will form during a reaction

electronegativity

the ability an atom has to attract electrons when the atom is a compound

Ionization energy

energy required to remove an electron, is measured when element is in gas phase

Atomic radius

1/2 the distance between nuclei of 2 atoms of the same element that are joined

metal

-left of metalloid line -80% of all elements on the periodic table -high luster -can conduct heat and electricity well -ductile and malleable

non-metals

-right of metalloid line -many are gases at room temperature -Bromine is the only liquid -bad at conducting heat and electricity -brittle if solid

metalloids

-elements along the metalloid line -have both metal and non-metal properties

Periodic Law!! (Essay question)

when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physcial and chemical properties

rows

-called periods -properties change as you move across -side to side

columns

-called groups or families -columns have similiar properties -up and down

Dobereiner

-1829 -grouped elements into triads (3) -didn't work for all elements

Newlands

-1864 -grouped elements into octaves (8) -didn't work for all elements

Mendeleev

-1869 -grouped elements based on their atomic mass and repeating prop. -predicted properties of undiscovered elements

Mosley

-1913 -arranged elements by their atomic number -today's periodic table

columns 1 & 2

s-block

columns 13-18

p-block

columns 3-12

d-block

what block is the bottom 2 rows?

f-block

Group 1

alkali metals

Group 2

alkali earth metals

group 17

halogens

group 18

noble gases

group 1,2,13-18

transition metals

what group is the bottom 2 rows?

inner transition metals

Is a positive or negative ion larger than its parent?

a negative ion because it gains an electron

Is a positive or negative ion smaller than its parent?

a positive ion because it loses an electron

how does atomic size change from top to bottom?

increases from top to bottom

how does atomic size change from left to right?

decreases from left to right

how does ionic size change from left to right?

decreases from left to right

how does ionic size change from top to bottom?

increases from top to bottom

how does ionization energy change from top to bottom?

size decreases top to bottom

how does ionization energy change from left to right?

size increases left to right

how does electronegativity change from top to bottom?

decreases top to bottom

how does electronegativity change from left to right?

increases left to right

what do metals tend to form and why

they tend to form cations because they lose electrons

what do nonmetals tend to form and why

they tend to form anions because they gain electrons

what are cations

positive ions

what are anions

negative ions

why are noble gases special?

because all orbitals are completley full

what determines the properties of an element

electrons