Chapter 25&49 SG

What is an ekg/ecg?

The process by which a graphic pattern is created from the electrical impulses generated within the heart as it pumps.

In order, what is the pathway of electrical impulses through the heart?

SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of his, Purkinje fibers

What is known as the pacemaker of the heart and why?

The SA node because it triggers a sequence of electrical events in the heart

What is depolarization?

the orderly passage of electrical current sequentially through the heart muscle, changing it, cell by cell, from the resting polarized state to the depolarized state

What are leads?

a graphical description of the electrical activity of the heart and it is created by analyzing several electrodes.

What is an artifact?

electrocardiographic alterations, not related to cardiac electrical activity.

Poor skin preparation, dangling wire, or breathing movement creates what type of artifact?

Wandering Baseline

What are the specific locations of the chest leads

V1: 4th intercostal space (ICS), RIGHT margin of the sternum V2: 4th ICS along the LEFT margin of the sternum V4: 5th ICS, midclavicular line; V3: midway between V2 and V4; V5: 5th ICS, anterior axillary line; V6: 5th ICS, mid-axillary line

What is stress testing?

an exercise stress test, shows how your heart works during physical activity.

What is a holter monitor?

a small, wearable device that records the heart's rhythm. It's used to detect or determine the risk of irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias).

What is forced vital capacity?

(FVC) is the total amount of air exhaled during the FEV test.

What are the letters of the deflections on an ecg tracing?

P wave (atrial depolarization ) QRS complex (ventricular depolarization) T wave (ventricular repolarization). U wave ( Purkinje repolarization),

What does the P wave represent?

The P wave represents the electrical depolarization of the atria.

What does the QRS complex on an ecg represent?

ventricular depolarization.

What portion of the limbs should the electrodes be placed on?

On the fleshy part of the limbs

What position for an ecg should be used if the patient is uncomfortable lying flat?

Semi-Fowler's

What causes somatic tremor?

caused by patient movement, even shivering or chewing gum

What are the peak flow zones, and what do they indicate?

Green zone: Your asthma is well-controlled. Yellow zone: Your asthma is getting worse or is poorly controlled Red zone: Your asthma is severe. It requires emergency care.

When is pressure in the arteries the greatest?

when blood is pumped out of the heart into the arteries.

Pericardium

Membrane that encloses the heart.

Myocardium

Middle layer of the heart, is the thickest layer of the wall and is primarily made up of cardiac muscle, which makes it the working layer of the heart.

Atherosclerosis

A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.

Aneurysm

a bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall, usually where it branches

Where is the bicuspid valve located?

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located and what does it do?

Is located between the left ventricle and the aorta. It prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

What do capillaries connect?

They are the connecting vessel between the arterioles of the arterial system and venules of the venous system.

Increased cardiac output causes what?

It causes an increase in blood pressure

How does vasoconstriction affect blood pressure?

-If blood pressure falls too low, the muscular walls of the arteries can constrict to increase blood pressure.

What are symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?

Shortness of breath, Chest pain, and Cough, which may contain blood. Leg pain or swelling. Back pain, Excessive sweating. Lightheadedness, dizziness, Bluish lips or nails.

What type of chest pain occurs during movement?

Costochondritis causes chest pain, felt at the front of the chest.

What might chest pain that increase when bending over be?

People with heartburn or a pulmonary embolism may experience worsening chest pain when bending forward.

What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?

a group of tough, tendinous strands in the heart. Play a vital role in holding the atrioventricular valves in place while the heart is pumping blood.

Identify the blood flow through the heart, and name the structures?

1)body 2) inferior/superior vena cava 3) right atrium 4) tricuspid valve 5) right ventricle 6) pulmonary arteries lungs 8) pulmonary veins 9) left atrium 10) mitral or bicuspid valve 11) left ventricle 12) aortic valve 13) aorta