Chapter 3 TEST

organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon atoms (most living things are made of these) (nucleic acids, sugar, proteins, fats)

inorganic compounds

compounds that don’t contain carbon atoms (salts, water, oxygen, stomach acids)

what are valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell of the atom

How many valence electrons does carbon have

4

How many electrons do atoms want

8

Why do most atoms want 8 valence electrons?

It makes them stable

How many bonds can carbon form with other atoms

4

How do atoms get the 8 electrons they want?

they form bonds

Each bond represents how many shared electrons

2

What types/how many bonds can carbon form?

3, single, double, and triple (strongest) (it will take more energy to break a triple bond versus a single which would be the weakest)

what type of chains can carbon form when bonded?

straight chains, branched chains, or rings

Monomer

single molecule that is apart of larger molecules

Polymers

molecule that consists of repeated, linked units (monomers)

macromolecule

large polymers (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)

What term do we use to refer to macromolecules specifically for life

Biomolecules

What are carbohydrates also known as

SUGARS

What are carbohydrates main purpose

main source of energy for cells

What do the sugar names end in

-ose (gluCOSE, lactOSE)

monosaccharide

single sugar molecule (glucose, fructose (fruit), & galactose (milk) (MONOMER TO CARBS)

disaccharide

2 monosaccharides bonded together (glucose + fructose= sucrose)

polysaccharide

3+ bonded monosaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)

Example of complex carbs

oats, brown rice, sweet potatoes (polysaccharides)

Examples of simple carbs

soda, cereal, white bread, candy (mono/disaccharide)

What's the main concern with simple carbs.

Simple carbs' energy don't last nearly as long therefore we tend to overeat

amino acid

monomer of proteins, 20 different ones (our body can make some amino acids), usually end in “ine” (serINE, cystINE)

polypeptide

a large chain of amino acids (polymer to protein)

primary protein structure

regular sequence/order of amino acids in a polypeptide

secondary protein structure

folding of the polypeptide chain into sheets and helices

tertiary protein structure

folding of the sheets/helices to form the overall 3D shape

quaternary protein structure

multiple polypeptide chains bonded together (3D shape)

enzyme

speed up chemical reactions (end in -ase)

substrate

the molecule on which an enzyme acts

active site

location ON THE ENZYME where the substrate works

lipid

our fats!, made up of carbon, hydrogen, STORES the most energy, mostly nonpolar/hydrophobic

saturated vs unsaturated acids

each carbon is bonded to four other atoms, forms straight chains, solid at room temperature (butter) VS. has at least one carbon double bond, bent chains, liquid at room temperature (oil)

nucleotide

molecule consisting of a phosphate group, sugar ring, and a nitrogenous base (MONOMER OF NUCLEIC ACIDS)

Examples of protein food sources

meat(animal), dairy product

12. Know the functions of the different polysaccharides.

glycogen=glucose is monomer, carb stored in muscles and liver, humans can create starch=glucose is monomer, created by plants, used for sugar storage, humans eat for it cellulose=glucose is the monomer, created by plants, used for structure, humans don't use it

How are carbs different than lipids when being used for energy?

carbohydrates are available as immediate energy sources while lipids store energy for later use

Know examples (both food and other) of each kind of biomolecule.

Carbohydrates: fruits, grains, veggies, dry nuts, candy and syrups, starch, glycogen Protein: meats, fish, beans, nuts, hair/nails/hooves, antibodies, hormones, enzymes Lipids: steroids/hormones, wax, phospholipid, triglyceride, fats(oil, butter, animal fat) Nucleic Acids: RNA and DNA

How is each biomolecule used in the body?

Carbs: main source of energy for cells/structure Proteins: movement, carry messages (hormones), immunity, external structures Lipids: stores energy for later use Nucleic acids: stores/transfers genetic info throughout body

What's the chemical structure of each biomolecule?

Carbs: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1) Protein: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Lipid: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Nucleic acids: composed of nucleotides which consist of a phosphate, group, a sugar ring, and a nitrogenous base

Difference between hydrophobic/philic

Hydrophobic=water fearing (nonpolar) Hydrophilic=water loving (polar)

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid tails in both their chemical structure and their physical appearance?

Unsat=less than 4 bonds, least 1 double carbon bond, looks bent (liquids) Sat= has maximum of 4 carbon bonds and will form straight chain (solids)

Difference between RNA and DNA

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores genetic information while RNA (ribonucleic acid) transfers genetic information

What causes the secondary and tertiary levels of protein structure?

There are 20 different amino acids and all of them are different because of the R group. Due to the interactions between the R-groups the amino acids will want to be either farther/closer together hence the folding and bending. There are 4 different categories of attraction: polar, nonpolar, positive, negative (they will all be attracted to the same (polar attracted to polar, nonpolar attracted to nonpolar and so on)