socsci first quarter exam

philosophia

“love of wisdom.”

philosophy

It is the rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience.

Plato

An Athenian philosopher during the Classical period of Ancient Greece. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle. He authored a lot of philosophical works. He often used stories, metaphors and allegories to explain certain truths about politics, nature of man and our environment.

Symbolize the Key Components of Tripartite Soul

Charioteer, White horse, and Dark Horse

charioteer

man's rational

white horse

man's spirited

dark horse

man's appetite

Logic

what drives rational?

brain

brain what body part is associated with rational?

truth and wisdom

what does rational love?

wisdom

what is rational's virtues?

pride/sloth

what is rational's vice?

emotion

what drives spirited?

heart

what body part is associated with spirited?

honor and victory

what does the spirited love?

courage

what is the spirited's virtues?

anger/envy

what is the spirited's vice?

desire

what drives the appetitive?

belly/genitals

belly/genitals what body parts are associated with appetitive?

what does the appetitive love?

pleasure

what is the appetitive's virtue?

moderation

what is the appetitive's vice?

greed

soul components highest aims in order

rational, spirited, appetitive

as a charioteer, the logical part must have a sense of _________

vision and purpose

T or F plato did not believe that either of the horses are good or bad in themselves

T : money, honor, and success for instance are not bad in themselves, yet they are tools to use. The challenge is we have to be rational in our decisions.

Our base desires and emotions make great ______. but awful _______

servants, masters

to achieve harmony of the soul...

the logical part of the soul needs to obtain harmony between the spirited part and the appetitive part; understand the nature and desire of his two horses

T or F For Plato the achievement of harmony in our soul is a precursor of pursuing any other endeavor in life

T : We to honor and acknowledge our desires and aspirations but we always have to learn to think through our actions and decisions.

what is life according to Plato's allegory of the cave?

like being chained up in a cave forced to watch shadows fleeting across a stone wall

Under which book is the allegory of the cave?

book 7 of the republic

What does the book 7 of the republic tackle?

justice, truth, and beauty

the escaped prisoner

philosophers; those who saw reality

prisoners

the ignorants

fire

lesser knowledge (compared to the sun); little knowledge

shadowcasters

politically, those who twist reality or those who manipulte reality

shadows

established beliefs with the little knowledge

cave

established norms; the shell of ignorance

the sun

great knowledge; distinguishes lie form reality

the exit

path to enlightenment

the return

people are scared of knowing philosophical truths and do not trust philosophers.

what point is Plato trying to get across in the allegory of the cave?

the allegory shows what it's like to be a philosopher as people are comfortable in their ignorance or can even get violent

T or F plato said no to athenian democaracy yes to philosopher kings

T

which book is connected to the allegory of the cave?

connected to theory of forms

what concept does the theory of forms tackle?

things in the physical world are flawed reflections of ideal forms

what event largely influenced the allegory of the cave?

the death of Socrates (Plato's mentor); executed for "corrupting" the Athenian youth with his ideas

sociological imagination

the awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider Society, both today and in the past

who coined the concept of sociological imagination?

C. Wright Mills

who coined the concept of Solidarity of Society?

Emile Durkheim

Solidarity of Society

how society holds together and what ties the individual to the society.

mechanical solidarity

is the social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs.

organic solidarity

is social integration that arises out of the need of individuals for one another’s services

anomie

A social condition that occurs when a society previously common norms and values disappear or disintegrate

anomie

______________ Typically causes people lack of belonging and that they are disconnected from their society

SOCIETY

A LARGE SOCIAL GROUPING THAT SHARES THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL TERRITORY AND IS SUBJECT TO THE SAME POLITICAL AUTHORITY AND DOMINANT CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS

What is society composed of?

- The population - Social Groups and Organizations - Social Institutions - Social Systems - The natural and technological environment

The Population

the people living in society which can be characterized from different perspectives such as territory, sex and gender aggregation, age many more.

Social Groups and Organizations

persons living in society may be classified into different social groupings

Social Institutions

These are enduring organizations that exert a strong influence on individuals on how to conduct themselves in society.

Social Systems

these are networks of social groups, organizations and social institutions that characterize society in the large scale such as economic, political and cultural systems

The natural and technological environment

These are the natural resources available in each territory and the technological resources available for the use of society

Culture

the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

According to linguists Sapir and Whorf, language precedes thoughts because people can conceptualize the world only through language.

Language

_________ a major element of culture. This transmits culture from one generation to another.

Types of Culture

Material Non-material – Norms, values, beliefs

Norms

established standards of behavior maintained by a society

Formal Norms

Law – government social control

Informal Norms

Mores and Folkways

Mores

norms that embody the values and morality of society

Folkways

norms governing everyday behavior

Sanctions

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning society; can be positive or negative

Socialization

it is during socialization that an individual learns to become a member of the society s/he lives and learns their culture

why is socialization important?

it is vital for humans because isolation is dangerous to human's mental health

nature vs. nurture

________ is what people think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. _________ is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception

Harlow Attachment Theory

demonstrated the importance of social contact with the mother and peers for the proper social development of infant monkeys; comfort monkey, nutrition monkey, wired mothers

Genie’s story

example of feral children; help us understand the significance of socialization

ISOLATION

very devastating, yet very helpful in letting us understand the significance of socialization

Importance of socialization

Learn language Enter a network of social relationships Learn norms and culture Learn goals and ambitions of the culture Learn technological skills needed for culture Learn about the territory of the culture It is a key part of individual development

Agents of Socialization

Family, School, Peer Group, Church, Mass Media, Workplace

Who coined the Psychoanalysis theory?

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis Theory

a theory that explain human behavior in terms of the interaction of various components of personality

What did Sigmund Freud use as an analogy for our minds?

Ice berg

Conscous mind

understanding dreams

Preconscious mind

repression brought about by trauma

Unconscious mind

defense mechanism

Ego

- The part of the personality that deals with the demands of reality - Executive mediating between id impulses and superego inhibitions - Helps us behave in ways that are both realisticand acceptable - Operates mainly at conscious level but also at preconscious level

SUPEREGO

- The final aspect of personality to emerge - Contains our ideals and values, and morals - Incorporated from parents and society - Becoming a person's conscience - Operates mostly at a preconscious level

ID

- The first key elements of personality to emerge - Contains all the unconscious, basic, and primal urges - Seeking immediate gratification - Irrational and impulsive - Operates at the unconscious level

Who coined the Cognitive Theory?

Jean Piaget

The Cognitive Theory

attempts to explain human behavior by understanding your thought processes

Sensorimotor

birth -2 years - Differentiates self from objects - Learning through senses - Self as agent of action - Achieves object permanence

Pre-operational

2 -7 years Learns to use language Represents the world symbolically Egocentric: difficulty taking other's viewpoint Classifies object by single feature

Concrete Operational

7 -11 years Conservation of quantity/appearance Slightly understand speed, size, number Classifies objects according to several features

Formal Operational

11 years up Can think logically about abstract propositions Concerned with hypothetical, future, and ideological problems Has problem-solving skills

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who coined the Moral Development Theory?

Moral Development Theory

a theory that focuses on how people develop morality and moral reasoning

Pre-conventional Morality

First Level Moral Development Theory Self-interest Reward/Punishment (right vs wrong) Step 1 (Infancy) if punishable then wrong Step 2 (Pre-school) right way is rewarded

Conventional Morality

Second Level Moral Development Theory Law and Order Pleasing Others (views of others matter) Step 3 (School Age) behave in ways that conform to good behavior Step 4 (School Age) obedience to authority and doing one's duty

Post-conventional Morality

Third Level Moral Development Theory Principle Social Contract (abstract notions of justice) Step 5 (Teens) morality vs. law; rules can be broken smtms Step 6 (Adulthood) takes account of likely views of everyone affected by a moral decision

Erik Erikson

Who coined the psychosocial theory?

Psychosocial Theory

personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood.

psychosocial crisis

experienced by a person in every stage which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy from birth to 18 months If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddler from 18 months to 3 years Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

Initiative vs. Guilt Preschool years from 3 to 5

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

Industry vs. Inferiority

Middle school years from 6 to 11 Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

Teen years from 12 to 18 Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity. Or they become confused about who they are

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adult years from 18 to 40 Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle age from 40 to 65 The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

Integrity vs. Despair

Older adulthood from 65 to death When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

Charles Horton Cooley

Coined the The Looking Glass Self Theory

The looking glass of self theory

If other people's perception of you is the reflection of your identtity, the who are you? "A person's thoughts and feelings about themselves are formed based on the responses of others and their perception of how the people around them see them" This theory helps us develop our self-esteem

We imagine how we appear to those around us We interpret other's reaction We develop a self-concept

The three elements of the Looking Glass Self Theory

Erving Goffman

Coined the presentation of self theory

Presentation of Self Theory

Goffman argues that the self is simply nothing more than "Self-Presentations and "Role Playing" Social life is a theater that perform in the Front and Back Regions of Self

Dramaturgy

concept depicting social life as a theater

Performance

All the activity of an individual in front of set of observer or audience

Setting

This includes the scenery, props and location

Appearance

physical appearance of the person outside appearance

Manner

Refers to how individuals would act out their role and functio

Front

The script

Front Stage

This is where the actor plays his role for others to see

Back Stage

Where the individual can act their true self

CORFORMITY

act of changing your behaviors in order to fit in or go along with the people around you

compliance, identification, internalization or acceptance

Types of Conformity

Informational influence Wish to evade punishments like being rejected or ridiculed or even gain rewards. Groups make barriers to independent behavior

why do we conform?

Deviance

actions that violate social norms

Deviance is relative

What is acceptable in one place or time may not be acceptable in another.

Control Theory

Deviant behavior exists because there is the agreement with social norms requiring bonds between people and society

Labelling Theory

Stigma happens when a member of society attaches a status to a person usually disapproving their deviant act

Robert K. Merton

coined the strain theory of deviance

Strain Theory

Deviant acts will most likely happen to a person when a gap exists between his cultural goals and his ability to meet them

CULTURAL GOALS

Aspirations derived from the cultural values of a society

INSTITUTIONAL MEANS

The socially acceptable ways to achieve our goals

conformity

The people in this quadrant is not considered deviant

innovation

These people accepts the cultural goals of the society but uses illegal means to achieve them

ritualism

These people rejects cultural goals of the society but continue to follow the legitimate means of society

retreatism

These people reject both cultural goals and institutional means

rebellion

These people not only rejects cultural goals and institutional means; instead they want to change them