WHAP Unit 1

What was the Song Dynasty?

The Chinese dynasty that followed the Tang dynasty, it was smaller but flourished more due to technological advances and smaller amount of land to govern

What is a meritocracy?

A government system in which leaders and officials are selected based on their skill and abilities rather than being born into power- they have to earn it

How was the Chinese imperial bureaucracy a meritocracy?

The civil service exam was open to the lower economic classes as well, so someone who came from a lower economic class could earn a high position through knowledge of Confucian texts

How did the size of the bureaucracy hurt the Song dynasty?

Due to the high wages paid to bureaucrats, the surplus wealth was drained to pay the growing number of officials.

What was the Grand Canal and what effects did it have?

An efficient Chinese waterway transportation system that improved the economy through better trade

What was gunpowder used for and how did it spread?

Guns were created from gunpowder, which spread through trade on the Silk Roads

What food source was used to increase agricultural production in China?

Champa rice allowed agricultural production in more places and more often

What other methods of agricultural production increased success in China?

use of manure as fertilizer, effective irrigation systems, heavy plows

How did an abundance of food affect the Chinese population?

The population increased to about 40% of the world's population

The discovery of what resource contributed to Chinese cast iron production?

coal (black earth)

How did the manufacture of steel affect China?

It was used in agricultural tools, religious artifacts, and architecture (bridges, gates, etc)

What is protoindustrialization?

economic changes where people made more goods than they could sell

How was protoindustrialization different than later industrialization?

Instead of large factories, communal or home based simple equipment was used

What products were manufactured by Chinese artisans?

porcelain, silk, and steel

What maritime navigation advances were used by the Chinese?

compass and paper navigation charts

How did the Song Dynasty carry out public projects?

paid people to do labor instead of requiring it

What was the tributary system used by the Song Dynasty?

surrounding states had to pay tribute to China, which was considered the "Middle Kingdom", to honor its emperor

How did people from tributary states show respect for the Chinese emperor?

performing the kowtow (bow in which head touches floor)

How did population distributions change in China?

Though mostly rural, transition to greater concentration of urban cities

What new social class was created due to bureaucratic expansion in China?

scholar gentry- below aristocracy and made of those educated in Confucian ideals

What 3 classes ranked below the scholar gentry?

farmers, artisans, merchants (merchants ranked lower due to Confucian ideals about hard work and creating things)

What were the lowest Chinese social classes?

peasants and urban poor- Song dynasty offered free aid

What were Confucian beliefs about women?

should be respected but defer to men

What practice was used to constrain the movement of women in China?

foot binding, which was also a sign of status

What system of printing was used by the Chinese? How was it used?

woodblock printing, used to create agricultural pamphlets

How did the use of paper and printing affect access to literature in China?

the literate scholar gentry began to consume more literature- made more well rounded bureaucrats

How did Buddhism come to China? How was it presented to the Chinese?

Came from India, presented through similarities to Daoism

What are the three main branches of Buddhism and their focuses?

Theravada Buddhism: focus on personal spiritual growth and self discipline Mahayana Buddhism: focus on spiritual growth for all beings and service Tibetan Buddhism: focus on chanting

What are the main beliefs of Buddhism?

Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path

What is a syncretic religion?

religion that blends several beliefs or practices

What was the syncretic form of Buddhism that developed in China?

Chan/Zen Buddhism

How did the Tang Dynasty view Buddhism?

not accepted because it was considered a foreign religion, made Daoists and Confucians jealous

How did the Song Dynasty view Buddhism?

tolerated, but promoted Chinese religions such as Daoism or Confucianism

What is filial piety?

duty to respect the male head of family and rulers

What was Neo-Confucianism?

another syncretic system that focused on ethics, combined Daoism and Buddhism with Confucianism

What is sinification?

influence of Chinese culture

How did Chinese culture affect Japan?

Buddhism and Confucianism, woodblock printing, Heian period (able to control interactions more due to separation by water

How did Japanese feudalism work?

daimyo conflicted for control of land while rest of population was rice farmers, samurai fought for daimyo, little social mobility

What was bushido?

samurai code of conduct, included martial arts, frugality

How was Japan governed?

had an emperor and shogun but overwhelmed by regional rivalries, emperor was mostly symbolic

How did Korea respond to Chinese culture?

emulated many aspects of Chinese culture, centralized government, religion, writing system

How did Korea differ from China?

Aristocracy was more powerful, so the meritocracy was never open to lower classes

How did Vietnamese culture differ from Chinese culture?

it focused on the nuclear family, had more gender equality, and scholar bureaucrats were more loyal to the peasants than the emperor

What parts of Chinese culture did the Vietnamese resent?

The idea of polygyny, foot binding, women's status in China

Who were the Mamluks?

Turkic slaves brought to Egypt who were given more upward mobility than most slaves and took control of the government to establish the Mamluk Sultanate, which prospered through trading cotton and sugar

What economy did the Mamluks have?

Cotton and sugar trade

How did the Seljuk Turks challenge the power of the Abbasids?

They expanded across the Middle East and called their leader the sultan, lowering the power of the Abbasid leader

What group was organized to reopen access to holy sites around Jerusalem?

the Crusaders

What Central Asian group posed a challenge to the Abbasids?

the Mongols

What change caused the Abbasids to lose economic power?

shifting of trade routes north of Baghdad, which meant that Baghdad was no longer the center of trade

What Islamic caliphate was led by Arabs and Persians?

The Abbasid caliphate

Which Islamic states had their roots in Turkic culture?

Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire

How did Islamic scholars preserve earlier works?

translated Greek literature to Arabic, studied mathematics from India, and paper making from China

Who was Nasir al-Din al-Tusi?

Islamic scholar who made contributions to several fields, built an accurate and advanced observatory, and developed the foundations of trigonometry

Who was Ibn Khaldun?

founder of historiography and sociology

Who was 'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah?

Sufi mystic and poet who was the biggest female Muslim writer before the 20th century

What is the difference between the main form of Islam and Sufism?

rather than a focus on intellectual discovery, Sufism focused on introspection for discoveries unable to be made through learning

How were Sufis good missionaries?

They adapted Islam to regional religions; in a way, they showed people how to practice Islam without giving up their traditions

How were merchants viewed in Islamic society?

They were more highly respected than in other societies as long as they adhered to certain practices, partly because Muhammad was a merchant

What were Islamic rules about slavery?

Slavery was allowed as long as Muslims and other monotheists (Christians, Jews, etc.) were not enslaved. Many slaves converted to Islam, at which point they were released.

What role did female Islamic slaves have?

They had more freedoms than most women and were given opportunities to make money, eventually buying their freedom

What practices now associated with Islam were present in Central Asia before Muhammad?

The use of hijab for women and skull coverings for men, as well as allowing women to study or read when not in the presence of men

How did Muhammad change the status of women?

ruled that dowries must be paid to the bride, forbade female infanticide, had a wife who was also educated, setting precedent for recognition of women's abilities

How did the status of women in Islam compare to that of women in other religions?

Muslim women had more freedoms and could inherit property, remarry if widowed, initiate divorce in some cases, use birth control, and had protections to testify in court

What Islamic caliphate had power in Spain after losing power in the Middle East?

the Umayyad caliphate

What was the Umayyad capital of Spain?

Cordoba

What was the Battle of Tours?

a battle lost by Islamic forces to the Frankish forces, limiting their expansion into Europe

How did the Umayyads create an environment for success in Cordoba?

had religious tolerance and promoted trade so that goods could enter Europe through Spain

What ships were used for trade with Spain?

dhows, which had long thin hulls that make transport of goods easier

How was al-Andalus a center of learning?

Cordoba had the largest library in the world and was home to many influential scholars such as Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

What is an example of how Muslims, Christians, and Jews influenced each other academically in Spain?

Ibn Rushd's thoughts on Aristotle influenced the Jewish philosopher Maimonides, who influenced Thomas Aquinas, a Christian philosopher

What served to unify South Asia culturally?

Hinduism

How did Southern India's political structure differ from Northern India?

Southern India had more centralization with the Chola Dynasty and the Vijayanagara Empire in comparison to the decentralized Rajput kingdoms of Northern India

What was the first kingdom to rule over Southern India?

Chola Dynasty

What was the second kingdom to rule over Southern India?

Vijayanagara Empire

How was the Vijayanagara Empire created?

two brothers from the Islamic Delhi Sultanate returned to their religion of birth and established their own kingdom

What states ruled over Northern India after the fall of the Gupta Empire?

Rajput kingdoms

How did the geography around India affect invasions?

The Himalayas prevented invasions from the north or east, but mountain passes allowed invasion from the northwest.

How did Islamic presence in Northern India grow?

The first invasions from Muslims into Pakistan had little effect on daily life, but later on, Muslim invaders took riches from places of worship for Hinduism and Buddhism and built mosques on their holy sites

What Islamic state ruled over Northern India?

Delhi Sultanate

What two religions' conflicts dominated Northern Indian political history?

Hinduism and Islam

What made it difficult for the Delhi Sultanate to remain in control?

lack of an efficient bureaucracy allowed the Rajput princes to continue to exert influence

What prevented the Delhi Sultanate from expanding southward?

Having to defend against the Mongols and Mughals from the north

What religions dominated South Asia before the arrival of Islam?

Hinduism and some Buddhism

What are the 4 main differences between Islam and Hinduism?

Islam: monotheistic, does not allow visual representations of Allah, only one holy book (the Quran), and all believers considered equal Hinduism: polytheistic, has many representations of its gods, several holy texts, and a caste system

What is a universalizing religion?

A religion that tries to proselytize, or actively recruit converts

What did Muslims do at first in hopes of getting converts? How did this change?

They initially tried to use force, then relied on those who converted voluntarily

What groups were attracted to Islam?

lower caste Hindus who wanted a better position in life and Buddhists who were disheartened by the lack of organization in their religion

How did societal structure change in South Asia with the arrival of Islam?

It wasn't really affected because Muslims often found a place within the caste system

How did Islam vary itself to gain believers?

It would follow the customs of the state it was in, for example, the gender relations of South Asia confined Islamic women to a separate social sphere just as it was done before their arrival. In SE Asia, where women had more independence, Islamic women were also given more freedom

What intellectual and cultural interactions occurred between South Asia and the Middle East?

shared knowledge such as the sharing of mathematical and astronomical discoveries, Arabic numerals actually came from South Asia

What was architecture like in India?

blended Islamic geometric patterns with Hindu artistic details

What is the Qutub Minar and why was it built?

a large leaning tower constructed over a mosque by the Delhi Sultanate

What new language was developed among South Asian Muslims?

Urdu, which mixed grammar from Hindi with vocabulary from Arabic and some elements of Farsi

What was the Bhakti movement? Why did it appeal to many?

Similar to Sufism of Islam, a mystical Hindu movement that focused on developing a relationship with a specific god. Was popular because it did not discriminate against women or people with low social status

How were Sufis and Bhaktis similar?

both were mystical movements that were also good missionaries due to their ability to adapt their religion to other cultures

How did South Asia interact with SE Asia?

merchants exchanged culture when they came to trade, spread Buddhism and Hinduism to SE Asia

What two sea based kingdoms emerged in SE Asia?

Srivijaya Empire: Hindu kingdom with strong navy, economy based on charging other ships for travel between India and China Majapahit Kingdom: Buddhist kingdom that also relied on control of sea routes

What were the Sinhala dynasties?

Land based dynasties that were a center for Buddhism and a monastic life, used good irrigation system to boost economy

What was the Khmer Empire? How did its economy work?

Empire with good irrigation and drainage, allowing it agricultural success and better withstanding of monsoons.

What architecture and art were created by the Khmer empire?

At first, many Hindu art and architecture, then after conversions to Buddhism, a growth in Buddhist sculptures and art- created temple of Angkor Wat

What kingdom invaded the Khmer Empire and forced it out?

Sukhothai Kingdom

Who were the first SE Asian converts to Islam? Why did they convert?

local traders that hoped to improve their relations with Muslim merchants

What was the first large scale North American culture?

Mississippian Civilization

What was the largest earthen mound built by the Mississippians?

Cahokia

What was the class structure of the Mississipians?

The Great Sun at the top, then priests, nobles, farmers, hunters, merchants, artisans, and slaves (usually prisoners of war)

How does a matrilineal society work?

social standing based on woman's side of the family

What theories are there about the decline of the Mississippian civilization?

environmental extremes causing damage and European diseases

What two groups emerged in today's southwestern United States? What did each group build?

Chaco: stone and clay housing structures Mesa Verde: multistory homes in cliff sides using sandstone brick

What was the main form of Mayan government?

city-state w/ king and city w/ surrounding territory

What did Mayans fight over?

tribute and captives for human sacrifice

What did Mayan kings claim?

that they were descended from a God and would become part of their ancestor god in death

What were common Mayan citizens required to do?

pay taxes, labor for government, serve in military during war

What are some examples of Mayan innovation?

concept of zero, complex writing system, use of rubber

How was astronomy important to Mayan religion?

It determined the calendar, which was used to make important decisions

Who were the Aztecs?

hunter gatherers that migrated to central Mexico and conquered the surrounding communities

What was Tenochtitlan like?

in the middle of a swamp, used aqueducts, built Great Pyramid, created chinampas/floating gardens

How did the Aztec tribute system work?

conquered people forced to pay tribute of goods, both practical and luxury, and had local rulers stay on as tribute collectors

How did the Aztecs administer their empire?

grouped city states into provinces with warriors at each province's capital, as well as an official to collect tribute

What kind of government did the Aztecs have?

theocracy

How did the Aztec social structure work?

Great Speaker, nobles, scribes, healers, craftspeople, traders, pochteca, peasants, soldiers

What was the Aztec religion?

complex religion with many deities and rituals, as well as human sacrifice

What role did women have in Aztec society?

made a lot of the goods used for tribute, some worked in other roles, such as noblewomen as scribes

What caused the decline of the Aztec empire?

less technology use, overexpansion, resentment from conquered people made it easier for Spanish to overthrow them

How was the Incan empire created?

Pachacuti conquered tribes around Cuzco, creating the Incan Empire

How was the Incan Empire governed?

4 provinces w/ governor and bureaucracy

What was the mit'a system?

instead of tribute, Incans required to complete labor for the empire

What ideas were the foundation for Incan religion?

royal ancestor veneration and honoring the sun

What was royal ancestor veneration?

dead rulers were mummified and continued to "rule," retained land and possessions

What role did priests have in Incan society?

determined the will of the gods through coca leaves and movement of spiders to diagnose illness, solve crime, etc

What role did animism have in Incan religion?

huaca (elements of physical world) thought to have supernatural powers

What are some examples of Incan achievements?

quipu in mathematics, waru waru, Carpa Nan (large road system)

How did the Incan Empire fall?

Civil war and disease allowed Pizarro's Spanish forces to conquer the Incans easily

What civilizations do historians think link Mesoamerican cultures?

Olmec- shared a feathered snake god, ball courts, ritual sacrifice, pyramids

The migration of what people had a large effect on Sub-Saharan Africa?

Bantu-speaking people

What kind of government was used by communities in SSA?

kin-based communities (based on familial relationships)

How did population growth affect government in SSA?

caused smaller communities to be less successful, growth in larger kingdoms

What were the Hausa kingdoms?

set of 7 Hausa city states connected through kinship ties, each with a specialty (military, cotton, etc)

How did the Hausa kingdoms organize the economy?

Relied on trans-Saharan trade, also had specialties-western state served as defense with military specialty, others grew cotton

What was Ghana? How did its economy and political system work?

kingdom that traded in gold and ivory and that was led from Koumbi Saleh with a centralized government- king aided by nobles and army that had iron weapons

What was the most powerful trading society that replaced Ghana?

Mali

Who was the founding ruler of Mali and how did he improve the economy?

Sundiata, who used Islam to develop relations with other merchants and created a thriving gold trade

Who was Sundiata's nephew?

Mansa Musa, who took a pilgrimage while bringing a lot of gold to show off wealth

What was an identifying feature of Zimbabwe?

architecture- dwellings made of stone

How did Zimbabwe's economy work?

agriculture, trade, and gold- taxed gold transport and thrived in trade through coastal cities

What trade network was Zimbabwe engaged with and how did it affect their culture?

Indian Ocean trade network; formed new language Swahili that blended Bantu and Arabic

How did Zimbabwe protect its capital?

large stone walls

What contributed to the decline of Zimbabwe?

overgrazing/environmental damage

What Christian led kingdom was on an island of Christianity in Africa?

Ethiopia

How did religion evolve in Ethiopia?

Because it was the only Christian state in the region, it developed apart from either the Catholic or Orthodox churches and blended local traditional faiths with Christianity

How were communities in SSA organized?

by age (social marker of abilities/role in society), gender, and kinship (members of a clan or community)

How did gender determine roles in SSA society?

Men did activities that required specialization such as tanning leather, women worked in agriculture, food gathering, domestic roles

What role did slavery have in SSA?

had a long history in Africa, owning many people was seen as a sign of status because land could not be owned

What is chattel slavery?

slaves permanent legal property of owner, no way to end slavery, children usually became slaves as well

What is domestic slavery?

slaves did domestic roles and had slightly more rights than chattel slaves

What is debt bondage?

people became slaves to repay debt and could escape slavery by repaying it, though this was rare; unpaid debt inherited by children

What caused the Indian Ocean slave trade?

demand in Middle East for enslaved workers (called zanj in Arabic)

What was the Zanj Rebellion?

successful revolts by Arab slaves that took control of Basra for about 10 years

What role did music have in Sub Saharan African culture?

it was seen as way to communicate with spirit world, usually rhythmically distinct

What purpose did visual arts have in Sub Saharan Africa?

religious sculptures- iron and bronze sculptures of past rulers that were looked to for guidance

Who were the griots?

oral storytellers and historians that knew a lot of a community's history, passed it down through music

Why were griots powerful?

could sing one's success or failure, responsible for preserving the history of a people

Who were the griottes?

women who sang at important events and provided a sense of empowerment in African society for women

How did European feudalism work?

land exchanged for loyalty- monarchs gave land to nobles in exchange for service, nobles gave land to knights, who became vassals of lord and king, land and protection also given to serfs/peasants in exchange for labor and obedience

How was wealth measured according to European feudalism?

by land, not cash

What was the code of chivalry?

set of rules for conduct based on honor, courtesy, and bravery

What was the manorial system?

economic system in which manors were self sufficient, limiting contact with outsiders

Who were serfs and what was their life like?

peasants that were tied to the land and could not do much without the permission of the lord

What was the three field system?

agricultural method of rotating crops

How did European monarchies gain power over the nobility?

by employing a bureaucracy and military entirely loyal to the monarchy

How did the French political system work?

Estates-General was a body that advised the king, made of three estates (clergy, nobility, commoners) but had little power since clergy and nobility were not very invested in the government

Who led the Holy Roman Empire?

Otto I

What was the lay investiture controversy?

struggle over whether secular officials could appoint religious office

What caused the decline of the Holy Roman Empire?

Thirty Years' War and invasion from Napoleon

Who formed Norman England?

Normans were descendants of the Vikings, Norman leader William the Conqueror invaded England and had a strict feudal system

What limits on the monarch's power were forced by the nobles in England?

the Magna Carta and Parliament

What was the English Parliament?

two houses- House of Lords (clergy and nobility) and House of Commons

What was the Hundred Years' War?

War between England and France in which England only won the port of Calais in France

What were the effects of the Hundred Years' War?

both states had more of a national identity within their soldiers, also gunpowder was used

What split occurred in the church in 1054?

Great Schism (Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church)

What made the Roman Catholic Church so powerful?

their staff were often the only people in a community that could read or write, they also provided a unifying identity in Europe

How did the church influence education and art in Europe?

established the first universities, so most thinkers of the era were Catholics, also influenced art to help serfs understand the Bible

What gave the church power in the feudal system?

could pressure lords by cancelling religious services, causing serfs to revolt

How did Christian monasteries work?

still part of economy, similar to the manors, allowed women to become nuns and exert influence

What motivated the Crusades?

wanted access to and control of the Holy Lands

What was primogeniture and how did it influence the Crusades?

only the first son inherited, so younger nobles were diverted through Crusades

How did politics shape the Crusades?

tensions between church and state, use of spiritual authority to recruit Crusaders, supported by Orthodox Church as well

What happened during the First Crusade?

conquered Jerusalem but later lost control, cultural exchange between Europe and the Middle East promoted

What happened during the Fourth Crusade?

never reached the Levant, instead sacked Constantinople

Who was Marco Polo?

Italian explorer who visited and wrote about the court of Kublai Khan, prompting interest in Asia

How did social classes in Europe change?

growth of a middle class- the bourgeoisie or burghers who were shop owners, craftspeople, etc

What caused population growth and urbanization?

agricultural improvements and commerce

What two factors hampered population growth and urbanization?

the bubonic plague/Black Death, the little ice age that caused decreased agricultural productivity

What role did Jews have in Christian Europe?

moved northward and became moneylenders since Christians could not charge interest on loans to other Christians

What is anti-Semitism? How was it shown in Europe?

anti-Jewish sentiment, Jews expelled from England, France, Spain, and Portugal, ended up moving towards Eastern Europe

What are examples of anti-Muslim sentiment in Europe?

Muslims expelled from Spain, moved SE

How did Jews and Muslims shape European society?

Jews were a bridge between Muslims and Christians, Muslims opened up new ideas and trade to Europe

How did gender roles change in Europe?

women lost power and rights for the most part, some could exert influence religiously

What was the Renaissance?

rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture

What was humanism?

focus on individuals rather than God

How did the church affect the Southern Renaissance?

supported the Renaissance (ex: Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy)

What are examples of the Renaissance in Northern Europe?

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and art that emphasized human concerns

How was Russia established?

Kievan Rus successful in trade but overtaken by Mongols, who made nobles collect their taxes. As nobles got wealthier, they resisted the Mongols with the leadership of Ivan the Great

How did Islam provide a basis for rulers' legitimacy?

It was a unifying power through shared beliefs and language (Arabic)

How did religion contribute to political organization in Song China?

Confucianism was the basis of the civil service exam, an important part of the meritocracy

What are some examples of non-peaceful contact between Europe and Asia?

Muslims conquering Spain, Christian Crusades, Mongol conquests

What role did nomadic groups play in state building?

Mongol dominance created political stability across Eurasia, while Turkish groups such as the Seljuks and Ottomans also created empires

What role did gender have in societal organization?

mostly patriarchal, with limited opportunities for women to become educated or take leadership roles