APHUG Unit 3

culture

group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, objects of nation/social group

long-lot settlement

linear settlement pattern in each farmstead is situated at long rectangular plots of farmland to give equal access to the river

material culture

physical objects made and used by members of culture group, visible

nonmaterial culture

intangible wide range of beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic measurings passed from generation to generation within society

cultural trait

units of transmission that permits diffusion and create tradition, impact how ppl perceive a place and act in that place

local/folk culture

generally more rural, ethnically homogenous, connected to local land, pass traditions, slow/resistant to change, regionally distinct

indigenous culture

subset to local cultures, no longer dominant ethnic group within traditional homeland bc migration, colonialism, etc

popular culture

heterogeneous, more influenced by key urban areas, quick to adopt tech

cultural attitude

attitudes in society shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs, perspectives

language

mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication, integral part of cultural identity, essence of human culture, identity, spreads ideas

polyglot

those fluent in more than 2 languages

code switching

note that cultural contact affects how ppl behave in public, how they speak to others

religion

dimension of identity, a structured set of beliefs & practices through which ppl seek mental and physical harmony

ethnic group

ppl of common ancestry and cultural tradition, strong feeling of group identity, involuntary

race

physical characteristics of a group, reflects cultural ideas abt human difference

ethnic geography

study of spatial aspects of ethnicity

multiculturalism

promoting the active participation & inclusion of minority group in national histories, national policies, culture institutions

cultural relativism

seeks to understand individuals and cultures from a wider perspective of cultural logic, see world in just thru lens of observer

ethnocentric approach

evaluated other cultures from the perspective of the observer's culture, their culture is perceived as most natural or correct, natural benchmark

taboos

behaviors heavily discouraged by culture

imitation

children learn: by repeating sounds

informal instruction

children learn: adult reminds child

formal instruction

children learn: school

cultural regions

broad area where groups share similar but not identical cultural traits (formal functional or vernacular)

cultural landscape

the region is the visible reflection of its culture, reflects local building materials, tech, economic standing, and cultural beliefs, meanings, values, experiments

ethnic enclaves

clusters of ppl of same culture but surrounded by ppl of culture that us dominant in religion

cultural realms

larger areas that include several religions

universalizing

clam to "universal truth" seen as applicable to humans (religion)

sacred spaces

sites of special religious significances, preserved across generation, natural human-made sites that posses religious meaning

memorial spaces

preserved site used to commemorate past

fundamentalism

attempt to follow a literal interpretation of religious faith

theocracies

countries whos governments are run by religious leaders thru the use of religious laws

ethnic religion

group of ppl living in one place & emphasize strong cultural characteristics

universalizing religion

actively seek converts to faith regardless of ethnic background (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam)

pilgrimage

religious journey taken by person to sacred place of their religion

linguist

scientist who studies language

language tree

shows relationship ancestry languages families& suggests how several languages are related to each other, how one grows out

Indo-European

language family that half the world's population speaks; English, French, Spanish, german, Hindi

official language

one designated by law to be language of government

isoglosses

borders of individual word usages or pronunciations

2 largest language families

Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan

physical landscape

all natural physical surroundings that create & shape places we are living in/examining

placelessness

the feeling resulting from the standardization of the built environment

agricultural landscape

dominant features of rural landscapes, powerfully evoke sense of place, part of cultural landscapes

indigenous landscape

architectural forms are indigenous & local to area, better suited directly tied to physical landscape than popular forms

popular forms

architecture that is more widespread & common

postmodern landscapes

architecture that interrupts skyline

modernist architecture

functional, orderly (downtown skyscraper)

postmodern architecture

reaction against rigid common building

sequent occupance

fact that many places have been controlled or affected by a variety of groups over a period of time, reshaped functions or meanings & left behind layers of meaning

linguistic landscapes

publicly displayed words, reveal locally dominant language, indicate bilingualism

secular

less influenced or controlled by religion

subculture

ppl with distinct norms, values, material practices that differ from dominant culture surrounding them

religious buildings

prominent additions to the landscape as they create places to worship & communal gathering place for the community

iconoclasm

destruction of states, monuments, plaques, other religious/political elements

sense of place

ppl's perception abt a place, shaped by elements of cultural landscaoe

"strong sense of place"

places distinct and different than other places

tourism

generating interest around a strong sense of place, crafted image with powerful political and economic implications

placemaking

a variety of efforts that seek to use and design public places to better serve the needs of residents and foster a stronger community

centripetal force

one that brings people together & unifies a neighborhood, society, communioty

centrifugal forces

forces that threaten the union of neighborhood society or country, ppl pull further apart or

secularization

process where by religion becomes less dominant force in everyday life than it was in the past

political instability

ppl want to change the current political borders which do not line up with cultural groupings

diffusion

pattern by which phenomenon spreads from one location to another, bringing idea/practice to new home land

distance decay

limits ability of some cultural traits to diffuse to far away locations

absorbing barriers

barriers that completely halt diffusion of cultural trait

permeable barriers

allows innovations to diffuse partially in weakened way

pidgin language

language with small vocab derived from languages of two or more groups in contact

creole languages

pidgin language acquire fuller vocab and become native languages

lingua franca

language of communication and commerce spoken across wide area, not mother tongue

English

global lingua franca

creolization

linguistic process where languages converge & create new languages and forms of communication

bilingualism

the ability to speak two languages colloquially

empires

sovereign political entities that seek to expand beyond origin territory to control more territory politically and/or economically

imperialism

motivating impulse to control greater amounts of territory

colonicalism

act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory

writing

most influential tech for language, helped civilizations develop and spread

English and French

language of educated elite, holds legal status, lingua franca

urbanization

process of making an area more urban, hierarchy shows the cultural impact of how traits transform and reshape cultures

globalization

process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence & start operations on international scale

ethnic pressure

fitting in but embracing culture

internet

spreads culture, religion, language

time-space convergence

phenomenon where the introduction of how transportation tech reduces the time it takes to travel between places

alphabetic writing system

letters represent discrete sounds, strung together to form word's sounds

syllabic

characters represent blocks of word sounds

logographic

characters represent entire words (Chinese/emojis)

extinct language

few elderly & no speakers

language hotspots

places with most unique misunderstood, endangered tongues, around globe

nonprofit endangered language alliance

department that encourages and teacher endangered languages to prevent death of language

convergence hypothesis

idea that cultures are converging, results in placelessness

glocalization

adapting global practices to fit local culture practices & preferences

cultural hearth

a forces demographic area where important innovations are born and formed which they spread

language family

group of related languages that share common ancestry

dialect

regional variation that makes mutual comprehension possible, locally favored vocab

accent

way of pronouncing words, closely tied to specific cultural religion

3 greatest monotheistic religions

Christianity, Islam, Judaism

Christianity

largest religion, monotheistic, god is trinity; branches: roman Catholics, protestants, eastern Christians

Islam

5 pillars of faith, proselytic faith

2 branches of islam

Shi'ite Muslims, Sunni Muslims

Buddhism

4 noble truths, prince Siddhartha Gautama, reach nirvana(enlightenment)

nirvana

resulting state of enlightenment, those in stage are called Buddas

Judaism

Jews collectively who practice a religion based on the Torah and the Talmud

hinduism

India, believe in reincarnation

animistic religions

faith that subscribes to idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena

Semitic religious hearth

faiths among ppl who speak Semitic languages who lived in or on the margins of deserts of southwestern Asia, the middle east

Indus-ganga religious hearth

plains fringing the northern edge of the Indian subcontinent, the birth of Buddhism and Hinduism

proselytic phase

a religion that spreads it's message to others through missionary work

east-Asian religious hearth

Confucianism and Taoism, adopted widely throughout china

toponyms

names of places, place names, reflect culture

endangered language

those not taught to children by parents, not used actively in everyday matters

acculturation

the ethnic group adopts enough of ways of host society to be able to function economically and socially

assimilation

blending in with the host culture and loss of many distinctive ethnic traits

multiculturalism

presence of several distinct cultural/ethnic groups within society

transculturalation

the notion that ppl adopt elements of other cultures as well as contribute elements of their own culture, transforming both cultures

syncretism

blending of beliefs, ideas, practices, traits in religious context

syncretic religions

combine elements of two or more different belief systems

orthodox religions

emphasize purity faith and not open to blending elements of other belief systems

nativist

anti-immigrant attitudes may form around cultural majorities, bringing violence or government actions against immigrant or minority group

cultural covergence

two way blending results from increased interaction in cultures

shinto

Japanese religion, worship of ancestors and nature spirits and belief in sacred power in both animate and inanimate things

monotheistic

belief that there is only one god

polytheistic

belief and worship more than one god