Chapter 5

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The Integumentary System consist of

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The Integumentary System consist of

-skin -hair -nails -sweat glands -sebaceous glands (oil)

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Skin consists of these regions

-epidermis -dermis -hyperdermis

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Epidermis

-consists mostly of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium -Superficial region -epithelial tissue/ avascular

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Dermis

-Underlies epidermis -fibrous connective tissue/avascular

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Hyperdermis

-subcutaneous layer deep to skin -anchors skin to underlying structures and muscles -not part of the skin -adipose tissue that absorbs shock/insulin

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4 cell types found in the epidermis

-keratinocytes -melanocytes -dendritic -tactile

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Keratinocytes

-produce fibrous keratin -major cells of epidermis -connected by desmosomes -millions fall off everyday

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Keratin

Proteins that give skin protective properties

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Melanocytes

-spider shaped shells located in deepest epidermis -produce pigment melatonin, which is packaged into melanosomes

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Melanosomes

transferred to keratinocytes, where they protect nucleus from UV damage

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Dendritic cells

  • star shaped macrophage-like cells that patrol deep epidermis -key activators of the immune system

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Tactile cells

sensory receptors that sense touch

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Layers of the epidermis (from deepest to most superficial)

-stratum basale -stratum spinosum -stratum granulosum -stratum lucidum (only on thick skin) -stratum corneum

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Thick skin

5 layers (strata) and is found in high-abrasion areas (hands/feet)

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Thin skin

Contains 4 layers (strata)

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Stratum Basale (basal layer)

-deepest of all layers -attracted to dermis -single row of stem cells is mitotic -10-25% of layer is composed of melanocytes

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Stratum Spinosum (prickly layer)

-several layers thick -cells contain prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes -keratinocytes appear spikey

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Stratum Granulosum (granular layer)

-4-6 cells deep (cells flattened so layer is thin) -cell appearances change -accumulate keratohyaline granules that help form keratin fibers -accumulate lamellar granules -cells above the layer are dead

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Lamellar Granules

A water-resistant glycolipid that slows water loss

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Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)

-found in thick skin -2-3 rows of dead keratiocytes

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Stratum Corneum (horny layer)

-20-30 rows of flat anucleated keratinized dead cells -3/4 of epidermal thickness -protect from the environment -prevent water loss -protect from abrasion/penetration -act as a barrier

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Parts of the papillary layer

-dermal papillae -friction ridges

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Dermal Papillae (pegs)

Superficial region of dermis that sends finger-like projections up into epidermis

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Friction Ridges

-enhance gripping ability -contribute to sense of touch

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Parts of the reticular layer

-cleavage (tension) lines -cutaneous plexus -flexure lines

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Cleavage Lines

Caused by collagen fibers sunning parallel to skin surface

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Cutaneous Plexus

Network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis

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Flexure Lines

Dermal folds at or hear joints

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Three pigments contribute to skin color

-melanin -carotene -hemoglobin

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Melanin

-only pigment made in skins made by melanin -all humans have the same number of keratinocytes, so color differences are due to amount and form melanin -freckles and moles are local accumulations of melanin

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Carotene

-yellow to orange -obvious in palms/soles -accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis -converted to vitamin A

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Hemoglobin

pinkish hue of skin due to low levels of melanin

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Alterations in skin color that indicate disease

-cyanosis -erythema -pallor -jaundice -bronzing -bruises

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Cyanosis

-Blue skin color -low oxygenation of hemoglobin

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Erythema

-redness -fever, hypertension, inflammation

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Pallor

-bleaching or pale color -ahemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

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Jaundice

-yellow color -liver disorders

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Bronzing

inadequate steroid hormones (Addison's disease)

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Bruises

-black and blue marks -clotted blood beneath skin

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Hair

consists of flexible strands of dead keratinized cells

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Functions of hair

-warn off insects on sin -hair on head guards against physical trauma -protect from heat loss -shield skin from sunlight

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Hair regions

-shaft -root

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Shaft

Area that extends above scalp, where keratinization is complete

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Root

Area within scalp where keratinization is still going on

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3 parts of hair shaft

-medulla -cortex -cuticle

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Medulla

Central core of large cells and air spaces

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Cortex

Several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla

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Cuticle

Outer layer consisting of overlapping layers of single cells

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Structure of hair follicle

-hair matrix -arrector pili -hair papilla

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Types and growth of hair

-vellus hair -terminal hair

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Vellus hair

Pale, fine body hair of children/adult females

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Terminal hair

Course, long hair ex. scalp and eyebrows

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Hair thinning/balding conditions

-alopecia -baldness -male patterned baldness

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alopecia

Hair thinning of both sexes after age 40

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baldness

genetically determined and sex influenced

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Male patterned baldness

Caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

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Nails

-scale like modifications of epidermis that contains hard keratin -free edge, nail plate, and root

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Nail matrix

Thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth

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Nail folds

Skin folds overlap border of nail

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Eponychium

Nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body ex. cuticle

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Hyponychium

Area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt

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Lunule

Thickened nail matrix, appears white

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Parts of the nail

-nail matrix -nail folds -eponychium -hyponychium -lunule

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Two types of sweat glands

-merocrine -apocrine

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Two modified apocrine glands

-ceruminous glands -mammary glands

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Ceruminous glands

Lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax)

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Mammary glands

Secrete milk

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Sebaceous glands

-widely distributed, except for thick skin of palms and soles -develop from and secrete into hair follicles -stimulated by hormones

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Sebum

-oily holocrine secretion -bacterial properties -softens hair and skin

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Homeostatic imbalances on the skin

-whiteheads -blackheads -acne -seborrhea (cradle cap)

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Whiteheads

blocked sebaceous glands

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Blackheads

whiteheads if secretion oxidizes

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Acne

infectious inflammation of sebaceous glands

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Seborrhea (cradle cap)

overactive sebaceous glands in infants

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Functions of skin

-protection -body temp regulation cutaneous sensations -metabolic functions (calcitriol) -blood reservoir -excretion of wastes

keeps things from getting in and out

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Calcitriol

-active vitamin D -requires UV light -allow you to absorb calcium

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Skin constitutes these three barriers

-chemical -physical -biological

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Insensible perspiration

If body temp rises, dilation of dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity

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Sensible

-cold external environment -dermal blood vessels constrict -skin temp drops to slow passive heat loss

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Skin cancer

-most are benign and do not spread -risk factors include overexposure to UV radiation and irritation of skin

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3 major types of skin cancer

-basal cell carcinoma -squamous cell carcinoma -melanoma

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Basal carcinoma

-least malignant and most common -stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis -cured 99% of the time

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Squamous cell carcinoma

-second most common type -involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum -scaly reddened papule -surgically removes

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Melanoma

Cancer of melanocytes is most dangerous types because it is highly metastatic and resilient to chemotherapy

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How to check for Melanoma

ABCD rule -Asymmetrical -Border -Color -Diameter

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Burns

-Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation or chemicals (denaturation of proteins) -Threat of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

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First degree burns

-epidermal damage only -redness swelling and pain

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Second degree burns

-epidermal and upper -blisters appear

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Third degree burn

-entire thickness of skin involved -gray/white, cherry red, or blackened color -no edema is seen and area is not painful due to destroyed nerve endings

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Scar

Collagen fibers hold damaged tissue together

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