Roman Architecture
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GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
Rome has a commanding position in the Mediterranean sea which enabled to act as an intemediary in spreading art and civilization over Europe Western Asia and North Africa. There is marked geographical differences between Greek and the Romans with regards to national character, Romans were very close.
CONCRETE
GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE the chief building material which renderer finest example of Roman Architecture. They also have ample supply of marbles, terracota, stone, bricks, sand, gravel & timber.
pozzolana
Concrete was made up of stone or brick rubble & a mortar of which the important ingredient was "_______"
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
Rome was divided into three regions (North, Central and South Italy). Because of this variety of climatic conditions, there was a diversity of architectural features & treatment in the peninsula itself.
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
Religion became a part of the constitution of the state. They venerated more their emperors than their gods and because of this attitude, there were less temples for worship.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
a. Vastness & Magnificence, b. Ostentation & Ornateness
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
Etruscan and Roman
ETRUSCAN
notable for the use of the true & radiating arch. They were the earliest civilization & great builders, invented the "tusacan capital" and their temples were oriented at the south.
ROMAN
adopted the columnar & trabeated style of the Greeks and developed the Arch, vault and dome of the Etruscans.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VAULTS DEVELOPMENT BY THE ROMANS
1.) Semi-circular / wagon headed / Barrel vault
2.) Cross Vault
3.) Hemispherical Dome
FIVE TYPES OF ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS
Opus Quadratum, Opus Incertum, Opus Recticulatum, Opus Testaceum, Opus Mixtum
OPUS QUADRATUM
made up of rectangular blocks of stone with or without mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps.
OPUS INCERTUM
made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly assembling the polygonal work.
OPUS RECTICULATUM
fine joints were in diagonal lines like the meshes of a net.
OPUS TESTACEUM
triangular bricks (plan) specially made for facing the walls.
OPUS MIXTUM
consisted of bands of "tufa" introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with small squared stone blocks.
Composite and Tuscan
TWO COLUMNS DEVELOPED BY ROMANS
COMPOSITE ORDER
One of the five classical orders, popular especially since the beginning of the Renaissance but invented by the ancient Romans, in which the Corinthian order is modified by superimposing four diagonally set Ionic volutes on a bell of Corinthian acanthus leaves.
TUSCAN ORDER
a simplified Roman Doric characterized by an unfluted column and a plain base, capital, and entablature having no decoration other than moldings.
TRACHELIUM
that part of the necking between the hypotrachelium and the capital of a classical column.
HYPOTRACHELIUM
any member between the capital and the shaft of a classical column.
DRUM
any of several cylindrical stones laid one above the other to form a column or pier.
ROMAN BUILDING TYPES
forum, rectangular temples, circular &polygonal temples, basilicas, thermae, balneum, theaters/odeion, amphitheater, triumphal arches, town gatewats, pillars of victoryr monumental columns, palaces, roman houses, aquedects, bridges or pons, fountains
FORUM
open space used as a meeting place, market or rendezvous for political demonstrations.
eg FORUM OF TRAJAN
the largest Forum
eg FORUM ROMANUM
oldest and most important forum.
RECTANGULAR TEMPLES
used Pseudo-Peripteral Style, raised in a "podium" and oriented to the south.
CIRCULAR & POLYGONAL TEMPLES
derived fromt the temples of the Greeks & the Etruscans which became the prototype of the Christian baptistery
eg TEMPLE OF VESTA ROME
the most sacred shrine& source of Roman life and power.
eg THE PANTHEON ROME
most famous & perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome.
BASILICAS
halls of justice or Assembly hall.
eg TRAJAN'S BASILICA
built by Apollodorus of Damascus.
eg BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE
also known as Basilica Maxentius or Basilica Nova.
THERMAE
a palatial public bath with three main parts
a. MAIN BUILDING
the central structure with chief apartments.
TEPIDARIUM
warm room
CALIDARIUM
hot room or with hot water bath
FRIGIDARIUM
cooling room
SUDARIUM
dry sweating room
APODYTERIA
dressing room
PALAESTRA
for physical exercise
UNCTUARIA/ UNTORIA
place for oils and perfumes
SPAERESTERIUM
game room
b. XYSTUS OR PUBLIC PARK WITH AVENUE OF TREES
a large open space with trees, statues & fountains, part of it was used as a stadium for foot racing and where athletic sports took place
c. OUTER RING OF APARTMENTS
LECTURE ROOMS, EXEDRAE, COLLONADE, LARGE RESERVOIR
eg THERMAE CARACALLA
with a capacity of 1,600 bathers
eg THERMAE OF DIOCLETIAN
largest capacity of 3000 bathers
BALNEUM
a private bath in Roman palaces and houses
TEPIDARIUM
warm room
CALIDARIUM
hot room or with hot water bath
FRIGIDARIUM
cooling room
eg HADRIAN VILLA
summer bath
THEATERS OR ODEION
Roman theaters were built up by means of concrete vaulting supporting tiers of seats, it was restricted to semi circle.
ORCHESTRA
a semicircular space in the front of the stage of an ancient roman theater, reserved for senators and other distinguished spectators.
AMPHITHEATER
used for gladiatorial combats, elliptical in plan.
eg COLOSSEUM
also known as "FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER"
VELARIUM
a canvas awning drawn over an ancient Roman amphitheater to protect the audience from rain or sun.
PODIUM
a raised platform encircling the arena of an ancient Roman amphitheater, having on it the seats of privileged spectators.
VORMITORY
a large opening, as in an ancient Roman amphitheater or stadium, permitting large numbers of people to enter or leave.
SUPERCOLUMNIATION
the placing of one order of columns above another, usually with the more elaborate orders at the top.
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
erected to commemorate victorious campaign of emperors and generals
TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS
three main types
Three main types of gateways
a. As a protective wall & commemorative monument. b. As an ornamental portals & forum or market places c. Arch built at main street intersection which were collonated.
PILLARS OF VICTORYOR MONUMENTAL COLUMNS
were erected to record triumphs conquered by land of victorious Generals.
PALACES
use to house the Emperors.
AQUEDUCTS
use for water supply with smooth channels or "specus" lined with hard cement and carried on arches, in several tiers.
eg PALACE OF DIOCLETIAN
the largest roman palace and often called a "city in a house"covered a total of 8 acres.
ROMAN HOUSES
Three types of a Roman House
Three types of a Roman House
Domus, Villa/country house, Insula/ apartment block
DOMUS
center of family apartments.
PARTS OF DOMUS
prothyrum, atrium, tablinum, peristyle, cubicula, oecus, alae, kitchen and pantry
PROTHYRUM
entrance passage
ATRIUM
entrance court that is open to the sky.
TABLINUM
open living room
PERISTYLE
an inner collonated court with garden
CUBICULA
bedroom
OECUS
reception room
ALAE
recesses for conversation
KITCHEN & PANTRY
kitchen and pantry
B. VILLA OR COUNTRY HOUSE
a luxurious house with surrounding terraces and gardens, colonnades, palasestae, theaters, & thermae.
C. INSULA OR APARTMENT BLOCK
many storeyed tenement also called "Workmen's dwelling"
AQUEDUCTS
use for water supply with smooth channels or "specus" lined with hard cement and carried on arches, in several tiers.
BRIDGES OR "PONS"
simple, solid and practical construction designed to resist the rush of water.
FOUNTAINS
striking features of ancient & modern Rome.
Two Types of Roman Fountains
Lacus or Locus, Salientes
LACUS OR LOCUS
designed similar to a large basin of water.
SALIENTES
similar to a large basin of water with spouting jets.