O/A/I/N's GVSU DPT '25

Trapezius: action

Upper: Elevation of scapula, extend/lateral flexion/opposite side rotation of head. Middle: Adduction of scapula Lower: Depression and upward rotation of scapula Also acts as an accessory muscle of respiration

Trapezius: Origin

Upper: external occipital protuberance; medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra. Middle: spinous processes of T1-T5. Lower: spinous processes: T6-T12.

Trapezius: insertion

Upper: Lateral 1/3 of clavical, acromion process of scapula. Middle: medial margin of acromion and superior lip of spine. Lower: tubercle at apex of spine of scapula.

Trapezius: innervation

Spinal portion of cranial nerve XI (accessory and ventral ramus (C2, 3, 4)

Latissimus Dorsi: action

With the origin fixed: medial rotation, adduction and extension of the shoulder joint, depresses shoulder girdle, laterally flexes trunk With the insertion fixed: Tilts pelvis anterior and laterally, hyperextends spine Also acts as an accessory muscle of respiration

Latissimus Dorsi: origin

spinous processes T7-T12, through thoracolumbar fascia from the lumbar and sacral vertebrae, last 3-4 ribs, posterior 1/3 of external lip of iliac crest, and a slip from inferior angle of scapula

Latissimus Dorsi: insertion

Intertubercular groove of humerus

Latissimus Dorsi: innervation

Thoracodorsal (C6, 7, 8)

Rhomboideus Major: action

Adduction, elevation, and downward (inferior) rotation of spine of scapula

Rhomboideus Major: origin

spinous processes T2-T5

Rhomboideus Major: insertion

By fibrous attachment to medial border between spine and inferior angle

Rhomboideus Major: innervation

Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C-5)

Rhomboideus Minor: action

Adduction, elevation, and downward (inferior) rotation of spine of scapula

Rhomboideus minor: origin

Ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes C7, T1

Rhomboideus minor: insertion

Medial border at root of spine of scapula

Rhomboideus minor: innervation

Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C-5)

Levator Scapulae: action

Extension, lateral flexion and same side rotation of neck, elevates and assists in downward rotation of scapula

Levator Scapulae: origin

Transverse processes of C1-4

Levator Scapulae: insertion

Medial border between superior angle and root of spine

Levator Scapulae: innervation

Cervical 3-4 & Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C4-5)

Serratus Posterior Superior: action

Inspiration, expands the chest, raises the ribs,

Serratus Posterior Superior: origin

Spines of C7-T2/3

Serratus Posterior Superior: insertion

Ribs 2-5

Serratus Posterior Superior: innervation

T1-T4

Serratus Posterior Inferior: action

Draws ribs posteriorly and inferiorly, depresses lower ribs during diaphragm contraction

Serratus Posterior Inferior: origin

Spinous processes of T11-L2/3

Serratus Posterior Inferior: insertion

Ribs 9-12

Serratus Posterior Inferior: innervation

T9-T12

Splenius Capitus: action

Extension, lateral flexion and SS rotation of neck.

Splenius Capitus: origin

caudal 1/2 of ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T3/4

Splenius Capitus: insertion

Occipital bone inferior to lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line, mastoid process of temporal bone

Splenius Capitus: innervation

Cervical

Splenius Cervicis: action

Extension, lateral flexion and SS rotation of neck.

Splenius Cervicis: origin

Spinous process of T3-6

Splenius Cervicis: insertion

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-3

Splenius Cervicis: innervation

Cervical

Illiocostalis Cervicis: action

Extension of vertebral column in upper thoracic and lower cervical areas

Illiocostalis Cervicis: origin

Angles of ribs 3-6

Illiocostalis Cervicis: insertion

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4-6

Illiocostalis Thoracis: action

Extension and lateral flexion of vertebral colum in upper thoracic area, draws ribs downward

Illiocostalis Thoracis: origin

By tendons from upper borders of angles of lower six ribs

Illiocostalis Thoracis: insertion

Crainial borders of angles of upper six ribs and dorsum of transverse process of C7

Illiocostalis Lumborum: action

Extension of vertebral colum in lower thoracic area, draws ribs downward

Illiocostalis Lumborum: origin

Anterior surface of broad tendon attached to medial crest of the sacrum, spinous processes T11-L5, posterior part of medial lip of iliac crest, supraspinous ligament, and lateral crests of sacrum

Illiocostalis Lumborum: insertion

By tendons into inferior borders of angles of ribs 6-12

Longissimus capitas: action

Extension and lateral flexion of the spine, longissimus capitis assists in same side rotation of the neck

Longissimus capitas: origin

by tendons from transverse processes of upper five thoracic vertebrae and articular processes of C4-C7

Longissimus capitas: insertion

Posterior margin of mastoid process of temporal bone, deep to splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid

Longissimus capitas: innervation

Spinal

Longissimus Cervicis: action

Bilaterally: Extend/lateral flexion of the vertebral colum

Longissimus Cervicis: origin

by tendons from transverse processes of upper four or five thoracic vertebrae

Longissimus Cervicis: insertion

by tendons into posterior tubercle transverse processes of C2-C6

Longissimus Cervicis: innervation

Spinal

Longissimus Thoracis: action

Bilaterally: Extend/Lateral flexion the vertebral column

Longissimus Thoracis: origin

In lumbar region, blended with iliocostalis lumborum, posterior surfaces of transverse and accessory processes of lumbar vertebrae and anterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia

Longissimus Thoracis: insertion

by tendons into tips of transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae and by fleshy digitations into lower 9-10 ribs between tubercles and angles

Longissimus Thoracis: innervation

Spinal

Spinalis Thoracis: action

extension of vertebral column in thoracic area

Spinalis Thoracis: origin

by tendons from spinous processes of T11-L2

Spinalis Thoracis: insertion

spinous processes of T1-T4/8 (variable)

Spinalis Cervicis: action

Extension of the spine

Spinalis Cervicis: origin

Ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7, occasionally T1-2

Spinalis Cervicis: insertion

Spinous processes of C2; occasionally C3-4

Semispinalis capitis: action

Extend the vertrbral colum and head, OS rotation

Semispinalis capitis: origin

Tips of transverse processes of C7-T6/7 and articular processes of C4-C6

Semispinalis capitis: insertion

Between superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone

Multifidis: action

Extension, OS rotation of vertebral colum, same side flexion, stabilization

Multifidis: origin

Sacral region: Posterior surface of sacrum, medial surface of posterior iliac spine and postero-sacroiliac ligaments. Lumbar, thoracic, and cervical regions: Transverse processes of L5 through C4.

Multifidis: insertion

Spinous processes of C2-L vertebrae (spanning 2-4 vertebrae)

Rotatores: action

Extension, OS rotation of vertebral colum, stabilization

Rotatores: origin

Transverse processes of C-L vertebrae

Rotatores: insertion

Base of spinous processes of C2-L vertebrae (spanning 1-2 vertebrae)

Semispinalis cervicis: action

extension of vertebral column and OSR in upper thoracic and cervical areas

Semispinalis cervicis: origin

transverse processes of T1-T5/6

Semispinalis cervicis: insertion

spinous processes of C2-C5

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major: action

Extension, ipsi-laterial SB, Ipsi-lateral rotation (neutral or extended), contra-lateral rotation (flexed)

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major: origin

Spinous process of C2

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major: insertion

Lateral part of Inferior nuchal line of the occiput

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major: innervation

Suboccipital

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor: action

Extension, ipsi-lateral SB, contra-lateral rotation

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor: origin

Tubercle of the posterior arch of C1

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor: insertion

Medial part of Inferior nuchal line of the occiput

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor: innervation

Suboccipital

Oblique Capitis Superior: action

Extension, ipsi-lateral SB, Contra-lateral rotation

Oblique Capitis Superior: origin

Superior surface of Transverse process of C1

Oblique Capitis Superior: insertion

Between nuchal lines of the occiput

Oblique Capitis Superior: innervation

Suboccipital

Oblique Capitis Inferior: action

Extension, Ipsi-lateral SB, Ipsi-lateral rotation

Oblique Capitis Inferior: origin

Apex of Spinous process of the axis

Oblique Capitis Inferior: insertion

Inferoposterior part of transverse process of atlas

Oblique Capitis Inferior: innervation

Suboccipital

Erector Spinae Group: innervation

Spinal

Quadratus Lumborum: origin

iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest. Occasionally from upper borders of the traverse processes of L2/3-L5

Quadratus Lumborum: insertion

Inferior border of the last rib of transverse processes of L2-L5

Quadratus Lumborum: action

Extension and lateral flexion of lumbar spine, depresses 12th rib, stabilizes 12th rib during respiration bilaterally

Quadratus Lumborum: innervation

Lumbar plexus T12, L1, 2, 3

Serratus Anterior: origin

Outer surfaces and superior borders of the upper eight or nine ribs.

Serratus Anterior: insertion

Costal surface of the medial border of the scapula.

Serratus Anterior: action

Abduction and upward rotation of scapula, holds medial border of scapula firmly against rib cage, lower fibers may depress scapula and upper fibers may elevate scapula Also may act in forced inspiration

Serratus Anterior: innervation

Long Thoracic C5,6,7,8

External Intercostals: origin

The external intercostals arise from the lower borders of the ribs

External Intercostals: insertion

Attach to the upper borders of the ribs below.

External Intercostals: action

Inspiration, elevates ribs, expand chest

External Intercostals: innervation

T1-12

Internal Intercostals: origin

The internal intercostals arise on the inner surfaces of the ribs and costal cartilages

Internal Intercostals: insertion

Upper borders of the adjacent ribs below

Internal Intercostals: action

Forced expiration, depress ribs

Internal Intercostals: innervation

T1-12

Pectoralis Major: origin

Anterior surface of the sternal ½ of clavicle. Anterior surface of the sternum, cartilages of six or seven ribs, and aponeurosis of the external oblique

Pectoralis Major: insertion

Crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus. The fibers twist on themselves and are more posterior and cranial than the upper fibers.

Pectoralis Major: action

Adduction and medial rotation of humerus, elevates thorax as in forced inspiration, upper fibers assist in flexion

Pectoralis Major: innervation

Lateral Pectoral C5,6,7 Lateral and Medial Pectoral C6,7,8, T1

Pectoralis Minor: origin

Superior margins: outer surfaces of the third, fourth and fifth ribs near the cartilages; and fascia over corresponding intercostal muscles.

Pectoralis Minor: insertion

Medial border, superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula.

Pectoralis Minor: action

Tilts scapular anteriorly, and assists in forced inspiration

Pectoralis Minor: innervation

Medial Pectoral, with fibers from a communicating branch of the lateral pectoral; C(6),7,8, T1

Rectus Abdominis: origin

Pubic crest and symphysis.

Rectus Abdominis: insertion

Costal cartilages of the fifth through seventh ribs and xiphoid process of the sternum.

Rectus Abdominis: action

Elevates vertebral column by approximating thorax and pelvis anteriorly; flexion of trunk

Rectus Abdominis: innervation

Ventral rami: T5-12

External Obliques: origin

Anterior: External surfaces of ribs five through eight interdigitating with serratus anterior. Lateral: External surface of the ninth rib, interdigitating with the serratus anterior; and external surfaces of the 10th through 12th ribs, interdigitating with the latissimus dorsi.

External Obliques: insertion

Anterior: Into a broad, flat aponeurosis, terminating in the linea alba, which is a tendinous raphe that extends from the xiphoid. Lateral: As the inguinal ligament, into the anterosuperior spine and pubic tubercle and into the external lip of the anterior ½ of the iliac crest.

External Obliques: action

Acting Bilaterally: flex vertebral column, support and compress abdominal viscera, depress thorax, assist in respiration, assisting in posteriorly rotation of pelvis Acting Unilaterally: Opposite side rotation and lateral flexion of vertebral column,

External Obliques: innervation

Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal (T5, 6), T7-12

Internal Obliques: origin

Lower anterior: Lateral 2/3 of inguinal ligament and short attachment on iliac crest near the anterosuperior spine. Upper anterior: Anterior 1/3 of intermediate line of the iliac crest. Lateral: Middle 1/3 of intermediate line of the iliac crest and the thoracolumbar fascia.

Internal Obliques: insertion

Lower anterior: With the transverse abdominis into crest of the pubis, medial part of the pectineal line and into the linea alba by means of an aponeurosis Upper Anterior: Linea alba by means of an aponeurosis. Lateral: Inferior borders of the 10th through 12th ribs and linea alba by means of an aponeurosis

Internal Obliques: action

Lower Anterior fibers : Compress and support abdominal viscera in conjunction with the transverses abdominis Upper Anterior fibers: Acting bilaterally – flex vertebral column, support/compress abdominal viscera, depress thorax and assist in respiration. Acting unilaterally – Same side rotation Lateral fibers: Acting bilaterally – flex vertebral column and depress thorax. Acting unilaterally – lateral flex vertebral column, same side rotation

Internal Obliques: innervation

iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal, ventral rami T7, 8, T9-12, L1

Transverses Abdominis: origin

Inner surfaces of cartilages of the lower six ribs, interdigitating with the diaphragm; thoracolumbar fascia; anterior ¾ of internal lip of the iliac crest; and lateral 1/3 of the inguinal ligament.

Transverses Abdominis: insertion

Linea alba by means of a broad aponeurosis, pubic crest, and pectin pubis.

Tranverses Abdominis: action

Flatten abdominal wall and compress viscera, stabilize linea alba, stabilize lumbar spine

Transverses Abdominis: innervation

iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal, ventral divisions. T7-12, L1

Interspinales: origin/insertion

placed in pairs between spinous processes of contingent vertebrae

Interspinales: action

extension of vertebral column, draws spines together, resists flexion

Interspinales: innervation

Dorsal rami

Intertransversarii: origin/insertion

between transverse processes of contingent vertebrae

Intertransversarii: action

lateral flexion of vertebral column, posture muscle, resisting opposite side flexion

Intertransversarii: innervation

dorsal rami

lavatores costarum: origin

transverse processes C7-T11

levatores costarum: insertion

onto the rib immediately inferior to each vertebrae

Levatores costarum: action

elevate, abduct ribs, extend/laterally flex vertebral column, enforced inspiration, maintain posture of spine, resists flexion.

lavatores costarum: innervation

T1-T12: ventral rami

Diaphragm: origin

Sternal part: Two fleshy slips from dorsum of the xiphoid process Costal part: Inner surfaces of the lower six costal cartilages and lower six ribs on either side, interdigitating with the transverses abdominis. Lumbar Part: By two muscular crura from the bodies of the upper lumbar vertebrae and by two fibrous arches on either side, known as the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments, which span from the vertebrae to the transverse processes and from the latter to the 12th rib.

Diaphragm: insertion

Into the central tendon, which is a thin, strong aponeurosis with no bony attachment. Because the anterior muscular fibers of the diaphragm are shorter than the posterior muscular fibers, the central tendon is situated closer to the ventral than to the dorsal part of the thorax.

Diaphragm: action

Contracting during inspiration: descending caudally, compressing abdominal viscera (increases intraabdominal pressure, decreases volume) Relaxes during expiration: ascends cranially (decreases intraabdominal pressure, increases volume)

Diaphragm: innervation

Phrenic C3, 4, 5

External intercostals: origin

The external intercostals arise from the lower borders of the ribs

External Intercostals: insertion

Attach to the upper borders of the ribs below.

External Intercostals: action

Inspiration, elevates ribs, expand chest

External Intercostals: innervation

T1-12

Internal Intercostals: origin

The internal intercostals arise on the inner surfaces of the ribs and costal cartilages

Internal Intercostals: insertion

Upper borders of the adjacent ribs below

Internal Intercostals: action

Forced expiration, depress ribs

Internal intercostals: innervation

T1-12

Innermost Intercostal: origin

costal groove of ribs

Innermost Intercostal: insertion

superior border of immediate rib below

Innermost Intercostal: action

Depress ribs during forced expiration; Support intercostal spaces and thoracic cage

Innermost Intercostal: innervation

Intercostal nerve

Transverses Thoracic: origin

Costal cartilages of last 3-4 true ribs, body of sternum and xiphoid process

Transverses Thoracic: insertion

Ribs/costal cartilages 2-6

Transverses Thoracic: action

depress ribs

Transverses Thoracic: innervation

Intercostal nerve

Subcostal: origin

inner surface of one rib near its posterior angle.

Subcostal: insertion

inner surface of the second or third rib below its origin

Subcostal: action

depress ribs during forced expiration

Subcostal: innervation

intercostal nerve