Cell Structure & Function, Compartmentalization: 2.1-2.2 & 2.10-2.11

Describe the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic: unicellular, dna in nucleoid (no nucleus), circular dna, no membrane-bound organelles, smaller; bacteria Eukaryotic: multicellular or unicellular, nucleus, linear dna, membrane-bound organelles, larger; plants, animals, fungi, protist Both: have dna, ribosomes, plasma membrane, filled with cytosol

Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic? explain

Prokaryotic: -no nucleus (nucleoid) -no membrane-bound organelles

Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic? explain

Eukaryotic: -nucleus -membrane-bound organelles (golgi, mitochondria, etc.)

Describe the similarities and differences between animal and plant cells

Animal: -Have mitochondria -small vacuoles -heterotrophs (consumers) -Lysosomes & centrioles Plant: -Have mitochondria and chloroplasts -large vacuole -autotrophs (photosynthetic) Both: -multicellular -Eukaryotic -Peroxisome (some not all)

Nucleus

Structure: Enclosed by nuclear envelope (double-membrane) and contains a nucleolus (small dense area of DNA, non-dividing cells only) Function: stores genetic info (DNA) of a eukaryotic cell

Ribosomes

Structure: complexes of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein; a large and small unit Function: protein synthesis

Rough ER

Structure: network of membranous tubes with ribosomes attached to the outside Function: production of membrane or secretory proteins, creates plasma membrane sections

Smooth ER

Structure: network of membranous tubes without ribosomes Function: synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs/poisons (liver cells), stores calcium ions

Golgi Apparatus

Structure: Membranous flat stacks called cisternae (singular: cistern); cis face --> faces rough ER (receive), trans face --> faces plasma membrane (send) Function: receives vesicles from the rER containing proteins to modify, store, and ship (in plants: synthesizes polysaccharides)

Lysosomes

Structure: a membranous sac that contains hydrolytic enzymes Function: digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules and recycling them

Vacuole

Structure: a membrane-bound sac Function: storage of cell material

Mitochondria

Structure: double-membrane (phospholipid bilayer) organelle, with highly folded inside (cristae); Intermembrane space --> between the inner and outer membrane, Matrix --> cytosol-like filling holding enzymes, ribosomes, and dna Function: performing cellular respiration -->breaking down C6H12O6 to produce ATP (cellular energy) In both plant and animal cells

Chloroplast

Structure: double-membrane organelle, with flat disks (thylakoids) that contain photosynthetic pigments; Intermembrane Space (b/t double membrane), Stroma --> cytosol-like filling holding enzymes, ribosomes, and dna Function: Performing photosynthesis (using light, CO2, and H2O to produce C6H12O6 which will be used for cellular respiration) and O2 Just plant cells

Peroxisome

Structure: A small membranous sac Function: Contains enzymes that remove H from molecules and create H2O2 (peroxide) [biproduct] Breaks down fatty acids --> making their products useable for cellular respiration

Cytoskeleton

Structure: extensive network of microtubules, intermediate filaments, & microfilaments Function: Mechanical support and structure to the inside of a cell, cell movement

Plasma Membrane

Structure: phospholipid bilayer, mainly created by vesicles Function: separate either the inside/outside of a cell or an organelle

Cell Wall

Structure: External to the plasma membrane, made mostly of carbs & proteins - Bacteria -->Peptidoglycans (polysac. and polypep.) - Plant --> Cellulose - Fungal --> Chitin + some protein Function: protection & support

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Structure: a mesh-like network of various molecules Function: Links cells together to form tissue, plays role in cell communication

Is this a plant or animal cell? explain

Plant Cell: -Large vacuole -green chloroplast and mitochondria -structured cell wall

Is this a plant or animal cell? explain

Animal Cell: - no chloroplasts, just mitochondria - (not shown) small vacuoles - centrioles - lysosomes

Identify the parts of an animal and plant cell (use study guide or google label less cell diagrams)

(use study guide or google label less cell diagrams)

Describe the process of protein secretion involving the organelles of the endomembrane system in detail

1. The ribosomes on the rough ER synthesize a protein that travels through the lumen (inner tubes) of the rER 2. The protein leaves the rER in a membranous vesicle and travels to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus to be modified 3. As the protein travels through the cisternae of the Golgi, enzymes modify the protein until the protein reaches the trans face of the Golgi and buds off through a membranous vesicle toward the plasma membrane 4. The vesicle merges with the plasma membrane and as the vesicle merges the protein is secreted from the cell and either leaves the cell completely or binds onto the surface of the plasma membrane

The Endomembrane System

Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth ER), Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vesicles & Vacuoles, Plasma membrane

What are the 3 possible locations for products of the rough ER? describe

Secretion --> To the Plasma Membrane through the process of protein secretion Stored --> Vacuoles Used --> Lysosomes to be broken down, recycled, or the enzymes of the lysosome (further explained through how lysosomes work)

What are the 3 different kinds of vacuoles?

- Food Vacuole --> storage of food to be digested by lysosomes later - Central Vacuole --> storage of water and nutrients for a plant cell - Contractile Vacuole --> pumps excess water out of a cell (freshwater protist only)

What are the structural and functional similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Both: - double-membrane -ribosomes -circular DNA -Used for energy production -Intermembrane Space Mitochondria: -Cellular respiration (glucose to ATP) -Matrix -Cristae Chloroplast: -Photosynthesis (CO2 and H2O into glucose and O2) -Stroma -Thylakoids

Describe the Endosymbiotic Theory in detail

1. A prehistoric cell's membrane started to fold within itself encapsulating its DNA into a nucleus and forming the ER becoming a primitive eukaryotic cell 2. That primitive eukaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell with the capabilities of producing ATP using glucose, that prokaryotic cell would be wrapped by the membrane of the primitive eukaryotic cell and become the mitochondria and the eukaryotic cell would be classified as an early animal cell 3. The early animal cell would engulf another small prokaryotic cell with the capability to produce glucose for energy using light, that prokaryote would get wrapped by the membrane of the eukaryote and would become the chloroplast and the eukaryotic cell would be classified as a early plant cell

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

1. Circular DNA -> Mitochondria and Chloroplast both have circular DNA which is only found in prokaryotic cells supporting the idea that these organelles were once prokaryotes 2. Double Membrane -> Mitochondria and Chloroplast have an inner membrane that resembles the membrane of a prokaryote and the outer membrane that resembles one of a eukaryote. Supports the idea that when the organelles were prokaryotes, after getting engulfed they were surrounded by the membrane of the primitive eukaryote 3. Autonomous/Grow and Divide independently -> Mitochondria and Chloroplast have the capabilities to function on their own without the guidance of the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell they inhabit. Supports the theory that they were once independent and free-living

Describe the similarities and differences between the 3 components of the cytoskeleton

1. Microtubules - Largest component - Hollow rod of proteins - Building and degrading - "Roads" for organelles - Centrioles, Flagella, Cilia 2. Intermediate Filaments -Medium component - Protein fibers supercoiled into thick cables - permanent framework inside the cell 3. Microfilaments - Smallest component - Two intertwining strands of proteins - Build and degrade - Cell mobility Similarities: -made of proteins - Microtubules and Microfilaments build, degrade, and assist in movement

Similarities and difference between flagella and cilia

Flagella: - Large, long tail-like appendage Cilia: -Short, brush-like appendage Both: -Used for movement

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and cell wall

Plasma Membrane: - A phospholipid bilayer that is flexible and acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of a cell Cell Wall: -Rigid and structured that exists on the outside of the plasma membrane for protection and support and differs in compound depending on the type of cell (bacterial [peptidoglycan] , plant [cellulose] , or fungal [Chitin + some protein])

What's the purpose of the ECM

ECM = Extracellular Matrix Facilitates cell-to-cell contact to form tissue and cell communication

Difference between types of cell-cell junctions in plants and animals

Plants: Plasmodesmata --> an open channel in the cell wall of neighboring plant cells Animals: (Top) Tight Junction --> attach neighboring animal cells with interwoven rows of proteins (Middle) Desmosomes --> Connect cells together in strong sheets w/ intermediate filaments (Bottom) Gap Junction --> pores b/t neighboring animal cells that allow material to pass through