ANTH 102: Exam 2

Manner of death is determined by

Forensic anthropologists

The most effective way to discriminate a male from female skeleton

Pelvic shape

New Anthropology

- Ethnoarchaeology - Mortuary practices & Reassociation of skeletal remains with grave goods - Binford

Bioarchaeology

- No legal context - Osteobiographies - Lived experiences of past lives

Differences in femurs due to biological response to cultural stimulus

Lovejoy & Ruff

Cause of death is determined by

Coroners

NOT a side effect of NAGPRA

End of bioarchaeology

NAGPRA stands for

Native American Graves Repatriation Act

Uses knowledge from current cultures to make inferences about past cultures

Ethnoarchaeology

Bone dissolving cells

Osteoclasts

Cause of death is

- Cessation of breath - Cardiac arrest - Cessation of brain activity

Manner of death is

Circumstances surrounding a person's death

Bone growth during development primarily occurs at the

Metaphysis

Bone forming cells

Osteoblasts

Fully mature bone cells

Osteocytes

NOT a method of primate locomotion:

Faunivory

Number of bones in human body:

206

Sir W.E. Le Gros Clark

First Primatologist

Florivorous primates have:

High sharp molars

Which species conceals estrus?

Homo sapiens

Sectorial premolar:

Canine honing

Brachiation

mode of locomotion which involves swinging from branch to branch.

Quadrumanous locomotion:

Orangutans

NOT a primate trait

Wet noses

The following is NOT a primate mating system:

Mandible

NOT an ape:

Baboon

Size difference between males and females

Sexual dimorphism

Tarsiers are

Haplorhines

NOT a prediction of sociobiology

Female infanticide

What is NOT a constraint on male reproduction?

Distribution of food on the landscape

Which animal engages in post-reproductive period (menopause) maternal care?

Orcas

The Grandmother Hypothesis explains?

Post-reproductive period

Invest 13 years in the future

Cicadas

What is a constraint on female reproduction?

Access to resources

Senescence

Process of aging

Non-biological stages of life

- Kindergarten - First job - Marriage

Highly constrained by evolution & life cycle

Dental eruption

Allocare

Non-maternal care

Coocoo bird

Parasitic lifecycle

What does "osteo" mean?

Home

What is bioarchaeology?

Study of ancient & historic human remains in a richly configured context that includes all possible reconstructions of the cultural and environmental variables relevant to interpretations drawn from those remains

What is osteology?

Study of bones (bioarchaeology, forensics, physical anthropology, paleopathology, paleoanthropology, anatomy)

Wealth of info

The human skeleton provides a wealth of information on the health, diet, lifestyle, ancestry, and demography of past peoples

What are the six physiological functions?

Support & movement, muscle attachment, protects vital organs, contains marrow, stores for calcium & phosphorus, synchronizes w/ hormonal system

Bone Chemistry

24% organic (collagen), 76% non-organic (calcium, minerals, phosphate)

Heterodont dentition

Incisor - Canine - Premolar - Molar

Human Adult Dentition Formula

2-1-2-3

What is the biocultural approach?

the scientific study of the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culturally

Ancestral Haplorrhine

Tarsiers

Frugivore

- Fruit - Seasonal - In groves

Folivore

- leaves - Less seasonal - Widely dispersed

Insectivore

- Insects - Not seasonal

Gumnivore

- Sugar/tree gum - Not seasonal - Widely dispersed

Faunivory

- Meat eating (non-insect) - Not seasonal - Widely dispersed

Vertical clinging & leaping

- Lemurs & Lorise - Arms and legs same length - Legs more bent - Body oriented vertically

Arboreal Quadrupeds

- Monkeys - Slightly longer legs - Prehensile hands/feet - Long tail

Terrestrial Quadrupeds

- Baboon - Similar arm & leg length - Short tail

Semi-Brachiation

- New World Monkeys - Prehensile tail

Knuckle Walking

- Gorillas - Longer arms than hind limbs - Scapula on back - Curved fingers

Bidepalism

- Humans - Long legs compared to arms - Inferior foramen magnum - Valgus knee - Arched foot, parallel big toe

Polyandry

One female mates w/ multiple males

Polygamy/Harem

One male mates w/ multiple females

Multimale-Multifemale w/ Fission/Fusion

Multiple mating opportunities

Aggressive displays

Yawning, smiling, chest thumping

Affiliative displays

Grooming, allomothering/allocate, reciprocal altruism

Two concepts of the human mind

Plato: Divine ideas are inherent Aristotle: Experience shape ideas

Sociobiology

Study of the biological basis for animal & human behavior

Criteria for reciprocal altruism

- Brain size (bigger brain = bigger social groups) - Reproduction potential

Diurnal

Day

Nocturnal

Night

Cathemeral

Varying times

Crepuscular

Dusk/dawn

What kind of debts do primates remember?

- Who owes you - Who you owe - Who bullied you (social debts)

Brain stem function

Keeps basic funcions regulated

Cerebellum function

Muscular coordination

Neocortex

Where higher thinking takes place

Brain to body ratio

Smaller animals = smaller brains Larger animals = larger brains

Expensive Tissue Hypothesis

Trade-off between brain size and size of gut--happened with food that is easily digested and higher quality (meat) and extra-oral (outside of mouth) processing of food

Hox genes

Controls each section of the brain that natural selection can operate on

How do human brain neurons differ from primate brain neurons?

Different in connection between neurons, but not number of neurons

Grey Matter vs. White Matter of the brain

Grey matter (neurons): 10% higher volume White matter (glial cells & myclinated axons): connect all brain cells