Bio Unit 2 Test

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur

What's CHNOPS stand for?

organic molecules

carbon-based molecules

inorganic molecule

not carbon-based molecule

4

How many bonds can carbon form up to?

macromolecule

any very large complex molecule; found only in plants and animals

monomer

building blocks for macromolecules/polymers

-mono

one

-mer

sub-unit

polymer

big molecules made up of monomers

carbohydrates (sugar), lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids

What do polymers make?

-poly

many

dehydration synthesis

chemical reactions that bond monomers together to make polymers

remove water molecules to make something (combine monomers into polymers)

What's one of the main thing you do in dehydration synthesis?

dimer

a compound whose molecules are composed of two identical monomers

-di

two

Hydrolysis

a chemical reaction to breaking down polymers into monomers

carbohydrates

main source of energy for cells activity (quick energy)

CHO

What elements do carbohydrates use?

for structural purposes; to make the cell wall with cellouse

Why do plants use carbs?

monosaccharide

monomer for carbohydrates

-saccharide

sugar

Glucose

monosaccharide; sugar found in blood (main energy source)

Fructose

monosaccharide; sugar found in fruit

disaccharide

dimer for carbohydrates

Sucrose

disaccharide; can be found in plants

polysaccharide

polymer for carbohydrates

glycogen

how animals store excess sugar; when glucose levels are then ______ is used

starch

how plants store extra sugar

isomer

same molecular form but the different structure (STRUCTURE = FUNCTION)

protein

NCHO is present, made up of amino acids

amino acid

protein's monomers

regulate cell processes (enzymes), form cell structure, transport substances into or out of cells, fights diseases

What is the proteins' function? (name 4)

N-C-C-N-C-C

What formation does protein run?

dipeptide

protein's dimer

polypeptide

protein's polymer

nucleic acid

macromolecules composed of nucleotide chain

nucleotide

nucleic acid's monomer

deoxyribose

DNA

Ribose

RNA

Purines

two carbon-nitrogen ring; have Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines

one carbon-nitrogen ring, have Cytosine (C), Uracil (U), Thymine (T)

two

How many strands does DNA have?

one

How many strands does RNA have?

A, G, C, T; A bonds with T and G bonds with C

What bases are in DNA? Which bases attract each other?

A, G, U, C; A bonds with U and G bonds with C

What bases are in RNA? Which bases attract each other?

they can because of its structural properties; which allow purines to hydrogen bond with pyrimidines

Why do purines pair with pyrimidines?

hydrogen bonds are weak which makes DNA easier to break apart and copy itslef

Why does DNA form with hydrogen bonds?

nucleic acid

polymer for nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

RNA

to store and transmit genetic info

lipids

fats we use

nonpolar because it has less oxygen than carbons

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

glycerol and fatty acids

monomer for lipid (name 2)

CHO(P)

What elements do lipids have?

long-term energy source and storage (cell membrane) and steroids which helps structure in the cells; communication between cells (immune system)

What's the structure of a lipid?

lipid

polymer of a lipid

saturated fats

no double bonds between carbons, they have saturated hydrogens, get as much as they can hold, straight, the bad fats are its structure, solid at room temp

unsaturated fats

double bond between carbon, less Hydrogens, causes it to bend, liquid at room temp

saturated fats

What structure is this?

unsaturated fat

What structure is this?

protein

What structure is this?

it makes the protein function

Why is protein structure so important?

carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another

What are the peptide bonds in the primary structure?

primary structure

held by peptide bonds; the linear sequence of amino acids that make up protein

the order of the amino acids

What determines how a protien is gonna fold in the primary stucture?

amino group, carboxyl group, side chain, and central Carbon

What are the main componets of the amino acid structure?

secondary structure

the folding begins; hydrogen bonds between the amino acid and carboxyl group of amino acids that are not next to each other.

alpha helix and/or the beat-pleated sheet and Yes they can

What two foldings are found in the secondary structure? Can they both be present at the same time?

tertiary structure

more folding occurs and the protein gets its 3D structure

ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bond

What bonds are present in a tertiary structure?

disulfide bond

one sulfur in amino acid and one in the other

on the outside of the folding to be with the water

Where would you find the hydrophilic R group in a protein?

in the center of protein folding; folded inside to protect from water

Where would you find a hydrophobic R group in a protein?

quaternary

all multiple polypeptide chains and/or tertiary chains come together

tertitary structure

What structure can be found in all proteins?

quaternary structure

What structure can not be found in all proteins?

temperature, pH

every protein has a specfic _______ and __ for which it functions

they will break and change shape

What happens when proteins go outside of their temperature or pH?

denature

to lose shape and it's function