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PSY 246: Midterm

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Psychology

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front of brain

above occipital lobe

back of brain, vision

under the frontal lobe

the two halves of the brain

longitudinal fissure

separates frontal and parietal lobes

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

top

Anterior structure responsible for ability to speak or write (motor patterns)

Posterior structure responsible for auditory images/ Information

fibre track connecting Wernicke's and Broca's areas

o Halting speech and writing
o Stroke damage in Broca's area
o Non-fluid Agrammatic speech
o Communication of language not great

- left posterior frontal (Broca's area)
- impaired speech
- impaired writing
- impaired repetition
- grossly intact comprehension
- grossly intact reading

- arcuate fasciculus impacted, nothing else
- unable to repeat

- Auditory images region impacted

- damage between Wernicke's and Concept area
- able to repeat because arcuate fasciculus is intact

- damage between concept area and Broca's
- able to repeat, can't produce speech

- damage to speech region

associated with balance, postuire, motor coordination, implicit learning

motor functions, expressive language, "executive" functions (e.g., behavioral planning, monitoring/regulation, inhibition, motivation, judge,ent), and mood/affect (emotional regulation) Also includes olfactory cortex.

is associated with somatsensory functions, spatial awareness/attention and complex visuoperceptual processing (reading and shape orientation/direction)

receptive language, primary auditory cortex, declarative memory, visuoperceptual processing (form/shape integration), mood/affect, and olfactory cortex.

Separates the temporal from the frontal lobe, and the temporal from the parietal lobe

The arteries that supply oxygen to most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes; strokes here can affect leg use

connects right and left anterior cerebral arteries

supplies occipital lobe

- largest branch of internal carotid artery,
- supplies blood to entire lateral cortex.
- involved in language because it provides blood to subcortical structures of temporal and frontal lobes

small, deep penetrating arteries that branch from the middle cerebral artery, very thin and vulnerable to strokes

- primary auditory cortex, anterior to Wernicke's area in right hemisphere
- important for words

- a circuit of structures interconnecting hippocampus, mamillary bodies, thalamus and cingulate gyrus.
- involved in forming new autobiographical memories and declarative memories

1. sensory storage
- no attention = forgetting
- attention = STM
2. STM
- processing = LTM
- no processing = forgetting
3. LTM
- encoding from STM

- low alertness and low awareness

- increased alertness (EEG captures brain activity)
- low awareness (don't respond to stimuli)

- high alertness (brain activity)
- minimal awareness (follow simple commands)

- assess eye opening, motor response, abnormal flexion, verbal response
- total of 15, scores range from 3 (dead) to 15 (normal)

- subcortical structure, above brainstem and below thalamus
- involved in orientation to visual stimuli

orientation to auditory stimuli

- attention system divided by varieties
- has different aspects of brain systems that allow attention system to occur

- right parietal lobe damage
- visual system intact, can't pay attention to left hemispace
- whole understanding (imagination and visual) impacted on left-side
- resolved into subtle neglect of left-side when there's competing stimuli

- geographically biggest part of brain
- important area in terms of behaviour and personality
- allows us to make use of posterior parts of brain, damage to FL affects all parts of brain as well

- Major outgoing tracts involved in movement begin here
- Receives information from premotor and supplemental motor areas
- Lesion equals contralateral weakness or hemiplegia

- Fine motor movements
- Sequenced movements
- Critical for acquiring new motor skills
- Sequencing the motor movements

- signs of extreme PFC damage
- Glabelar reflex
- Grasp reflex
- Palmomental reflex
- Root reflex
- Snout reflex

- facts and events might be out of temporal sequencing
- providing stories for context help with encoding and retrieval
- retrieval deficit (trouble with free recall, better with recognition) due to inefficient storage and retrieval strategies
- profound working memory deficits = impacted encoding
- can't learn unrelated information with impaired working memory

- severe damage to ventral medial PFC
- akinesia (don't move)
- adynamia (don't initiate activities)
- Anterograde amnesia because subcortical structures are involved
- confabulation (make up elaborate stories to justify memory gaps)
- incontinence
- paucity of spontaneous speech

- aneurysm affecting anterior communicating artery
- commonly causes OFC syndrome

Phineas Gage
- IQ testing was well within normal limits
- had profound personality changes