AP human geo unit 3

Culture

the shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors

Visible force

seen in a groups actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape Example: In a city in Japan you can see people speaking Japanese, getting to work or other places using public transportation such as subways

Invisible force

guiding people through shared belief system, customs, and traditions Example: In Japan many people follow the religion Shinto

Popular Culture

Fast-paced, changeable, urban-based, media-influenced practices and beliefs(Widespread) Example: Fast food like mc donalds, anime,social media such as tiktok, facebook,and instagram

Traditional Culture

Long-held practices and beliefs, usually resistant to change (includes folk and indigenous cultures, localized) Example:Hanfu a traditional chinese clothes, holiday like burns’ night in scotland

Folk Culture

Beliefs and practices of small, homogenous(alike) groups of people, often living in rural areas are are relatively isolated and slow to change Examples: The maypole tradition, where traditional dancing takes place around a pole on May 1st in villages and small towns

Cultural Relativism

evaluating the culture/culture traits of a group using their own perspective for understanding(statement of facts) Examples:They eat bugs because it has a lot of protein Ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own culture is the standard and all other cultures should be evaluated against it(can be negative or positive)

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one’s own culture is the standard and all other cultures should be evaluated against it(can be negative or positive) Examples: It is wrong to eat bugs or It is wrong not to eat bugs

Diffusion

the spatial Spreading or dissemination of a cultural element or other phenomena

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of culture as migrants carry their culture/traits with them Examples: The forced relocation of Indian works to East Africa caused by British colonization which spread Hinduism to East Africa

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of culture without the need of migration

Contagious Diffusion

The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person Examples:Traders from North India/Pakistan trading with Nepal and South India which spread Hinduism

Hierarchical Diffusion

The diffusion of an idea or innovation by first passing among the most connected places or people Examples: Emperor Constantine converts and many of his subjects convert with him. *In 313 A.D.

Stimulus Diffusion

A form of diffusion where the principle concept remains, but the specifics of the trait is modified Examples: Chinese porcelain was imported to Europe but because of how expensive it was to import, a different way of producing porcelain was created

Gender

Social group one belongs to based on roles filled in society

Ethnicity

Social group one belongs to based on cultural background

Race

Social group one belongs to based on perceived physical appearance

Nationality

Social group one belongs to based on cultural background

Sex

One of two maincategories an organism can fit into based on anatomical identifiers

Cultural patterns

Consist of related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate

Centrifugal Forces

Influences that tend to separate or divide groups within an area Example: Differing religion or language

Centripetal Forces:

Influences that tend to unify or draw groups together Example: Sharing religion or language, shared history

Cultural landscape

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape Example: Domes on mosque would be a reflection of Islam

Sense of place

A strong feeling or perception people have of a place Example: Someone’s home or work

Place making

collaborative process by which we can shape our public realm in order to maximize shared value

Sequent occupance

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape Examples: Easter Island Heads, Stonehenge, Pyramids Example: Pueblo style homes

Ethnic Enclave

Area with a high concentration of a specific ethnic group distinct from the surrounding area

Diaspora

Occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various locations

Linguists

Scientists who study languages, have differing theories as to when humans first began communicating through spoken sound

Language

A system of communication, typically through a collection of sounds, that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

Institutional

A language that is used in education, workplaces, and mass media, and utilized by many Example: Official language(for particular institutional language)

Toponyms

The names of places can provide insights into the physical geography, the history, or the culture of a location or region

Official Language

One designated by law to be the language of government Example:French

Homogeneous

Made up largely of ethnically similar people

Developing

The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable

Vigorous

The language is used for face-to-face communication by all generations and the situation is sustainable but lacks a literary tradition

Troubled:

The language is used for face-to-face communication within all generations, but it is losing users

Dying

The only remaining users of the language are members of the grandparent generation or older who have little opportunity to use the language

Extinct/Dead

The language is no longer used and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language

Language Families

A grouping of languages that share a common,but distant, origin

Dialects

Local or regional characteristics of a language Example: Aunt vs Aunt or Pop vs Soda vs Coke

Isogloss

A specific region in which particular dialect is spoken

Religion

A personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices Example: Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism

Universalizing Religions

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those in a particular area Example: include Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism

Polytheistic

Believing in many gods

Monotheistic:

Believing in one god

Karma

The idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or future life and in dharma(the righteous path)

Caste system

A rigid class structure, that shaped Indian society

Ethnic Religions

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution

Lingua Franca

A “common language” used between two speakers of other languages primarily for trade

Creolization

A language that results from the mixing of two languages, Originally begin as pidgin languages

Pidgin Language

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary from two different languages

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence

Colonialism

An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory Example:White man's burden, which is the belief is that western Europeans and Americans must educate, enlighten, and develop the undeveloped world

Social constructs

Ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in society or social group and are not created by nature

Urbanization

The clustering of people into cities / An expansion of a city into the surrounding areas developing suburbs Example: New York city with 8.3 million people

Globalization

Increased interaction between around the world leading to influence on different things such as culture Example: A Starbucks in Japan, a American coffee shop can be found in Japan because of increased interaction of companies globally

Cultural Convergence

The interaction of cultures as they come in contact with each other, ultimately resulting in both cultures influencing and being influenced by the other

Cultural Divergence

The tendency for culture groups to disassociate from others as a result of decreased/restricted interactions Example: The Amish

Acculturation

An ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received then, while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture Example:In the 1800s, the Syndergaard family migrated from Denmark to the United States, settling in a Danish enclave in Iowa. The mother and Father gave most of their ten children common Danish names, such as Inger and Niels. They ate commonly Danish foods such as abelskivver. Within three generations their descendants still ate common Danish food but had names common in U.S. such as Dave, Susan and Jim

Assimilation

An ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group Example: the grandchildren of immigrants from India might no longer speak Hindi or eat traditional Indian cuisine daily but they might still practice their Hindu faith

syncretism

The fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait Example: Sikhism which has ideas from both Hinduism and Buddhism

Multiculturalism

The coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study Example: Corn, tomatoes, and potatoes come from Indigenous American groups

Nativist:

Anti-immigrant, attitude may form among the cultural majority, sometimes brining violence and government actions against the immigrant or minority group Example: From the mid-1800s through the early 1900s many native-born protestants in United states were strongly opposed to Roman Catholic immigrant from Ireland, Italy, Poland, Spanish-speaking countries have often faced opposition from nativist groups

Reverse-Hierarchical

the opposite where an idea or innovation first starts in less connected or influential areas Example:Blues