Psychology Exam Chapter 7

Encoding

getting info into memory

Storage

retaining information over time

Retrieval

taking info out of storage

structural encoding

emphasizes on the physical structure of the stimulus, ex. is the word written in capital letters?

Phonemic encoding

emphasizes on what a word sounds like, ex. Doe the word rhyme with weight?

Semantic encoding

emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

Elaboration encoding

relate what you're trying to learn to things you already know

Imagery Encoding

making an image in your mind of what you're trying to learn

Mnemonics

any little technique to help you remember something, ex. PEMDAS

Sensory memory

large capacity, brief representation of the entire thing you're perceiving in that moment, very brief retention:0.25 seconds

Short term memory

limited capacity, lasts only 20-30 seconds, conscious processing of information, sensory and long term combined

What is short term memory made of?

long and sensory memory

Original Sensory form

comes from sensory memory, but very short duration (visual=0.25 seconds), attend to short term memory, or it is lost

Short term memory

includes conscious processing and what we pull from our long term memory

Chunking

familiar unit of information

What are the Baddeley 4 components of working memory?

Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, buffer

Phonological loop

recitation, original idea of short term memory

Visuospatial Sketchpad

manipulate images

Central executive

juggle information when reasoning

Buffer

integrating multiple ideas and sending it to long term memory, we don't know if this is the hippocampus

Long term memory

long term storage of information

Procedural(Non-Declarative}) Memory

memories or action, skills, and conditioned responses, thought to be stored in cerebellum

Declarative memory

memory for factual information, much more likely to forget than procedural memory, thought to be stored in the limbic system

Semantic memory(semantic=meaning)

general knowledge, ex. state capitals, definitions

Episodic memory

personal experiences, much more likely to forget than semantic memory

State dependent memory

mental and physical state of the memory if you were drunk when you observed it, get drunk to remember it. Retrieval is best when the retrieval cues match the encoding cues

Serial Position Effect

we best recall first and last items on a list

primary effect, lack of interference

The tendency to remember the first part of the list

Recency effect, lack of interference

the tendency to remember the last part of the list

Critical word test

set of words, one word ties all words together , 50% recall, 80% recognition

Is memory perfect storage?

no

Expectations

we tend to remember things consistent to our expectation (stereotyping, schema)

Schema

a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information

Source monitoring error

when we remember something, but we misattribute where we got the info, ex. saying you saw something on the news, but you saw it on facebook

Flashbulb memories

ex. flood stories

Post event information

if we learn something about an event after it happens we tend to add it to our memory

Who was Elizabeth Loftus?

wording of questions lady

Misinformation effect

a simple change in learning, can be slipped into the witnesses memory

Herbing Ebbinghaus

nonsense syllables, (3 letters that go together with no word/association)

Relearning memory

the longer way to relearn the list, the more forgotten

Forgetting curve

forgetting is rapid at first, then slows

ineffective (shallow) Encoding

never in memory, psuedo-forgetting

Decay theory

information disappears over time, applies to sensory and short term memory but NOT to long term memory (we don't forget linearly)

Proactive interference

we learned something first, then learned something else, we don't remember the second thing (more common than retroactive interference)

Retroactive interference

we learned something first, then learned something else, we don't remember the first thing (less common than proactive interference)

Encoding specificity principle

we remember best when the cues available at the retrieval time are the same as the ones in decoding

Motivated forgetting(Freud)

repression, loss of memory for unpleasant stimuli

Repressed memory controversy

are they false? or true, some are true most are not (think girls thinking they had been sexually abused, influenced by therapists)

Consolidation of Memory

taking new information and putting into a long term form, seems to be done in the hippocampus, and while we sleep

Memory might be

the creation of neural circuits, increased potentiation at synapses

where is procedural memory stored?

cerebellum

Where is visual memory stored?

visual cortex

Where is auditory memory stored?

Auditory cortex

prenatal development

conception to birth, period of very rapid growth

What are the stages of development?

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

Germinal stage

(30 hrs-2 weeks) zygote, ends with implantation

Embryonic stage

(implantation-6-8 weeks), organism is most vulnerable

Fetal stage

(23-25 wks to be viable, 24 weeks does NOT mean survival, just better chance than 23 weeks)

Full term baby

38 weeks, 7.5 pounds, 20 inches long

When is the organism at the biggest risk of birth defects?

Embryonic stage

Teratogen

medical term for any substance that can create a birth defect

What is the teratogen that is the #1 cause of low birth weight?

Cigarette smoking

What teratogen causes the highest chance of a #1 non-hereditary cognitive disability?

Alchohol

What drug can greatly increase the chance of miscarriage?

caffeine, more than 200mg a day doubled probability of miscarriage

Motor development

the mastery over arm and legs movement, voluntary movement

Children develop their skills from _____ to _____, and from the _________-_________.

head to foot, center-outward

Does culture influence development?

absolutely, some cultures babies are encouraged to be dependent whereas others influence babies to be independent

attachment

close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver

Freud and the behaviorists thought that __________ leads to an emotional bond.

feeding(freud called it "Oral Satisfaction" (creep))

Harry Harlow, wire v. cloth mother monkey experiment

baby monkey goes to soft and snuggly monkey with no food instead of a wire monkey with lot of food

Contact Comfort

an inherent need to have contact with something that seems alive

John Bowlby

babies are biologically programmed to do things for adult attention

Mary Ainsworth

Test of infant-caregiver attachment

Secure attachment(67%)

parent as home base, separation anxiety, consolable

What are the two forms of insecure attachment?

Avoidant,Anxious/Amblivalent

Avoidant

no apparent bond between child and parent, doesn't cry when parent leaves

Anxious/Ambivalent(resistant)(12%)

clingy, when parent leaves crying, when mom comes back continue crying, anger

Secure cause

sensitive to signals and available

Avoidant cause

unavailable or rejecting

Anxious/ambivalent cause

inconsistant parenting

Disorganized cause

neglect or physical abuse

Stage theories of development

They move in a certain order, don't skip stages or go background, stage is determined by age

Erik Erikson

8 "'psychosocial crises" (turning point issues)

Semsorimotor

0-2 years old, learning to coordinate their senses and their motor movements, object permanence

Object permanence

objects continue to exist, even when we are not looking for them

Preoperational

2-7 years, children cannot yet perform operations, improved symbolic thought, children love to draw, make symbols, make significant improvement in language, errors: centration, irreversibility, egocentrism, animism

Concrete opperational

7-11 years can perform operations but only on specific examples, conservation, the hierarchy of liquid task, conservation of mass, numbers, hierarchical classification

Conservation

changes in appearance do not change the essential elements of an object

Formal operational

systematic, hypothetical, abstract

Piaget's theory

stage changes not clear-cut, underestimated children’s abilities

Operation stage of thinking

some people never get to this stage

Piaget ignored

impact of training and culture

Piaget's contributions

children do construct their own knowledge, skill builds on a previous level

Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development

emphasized social contexts of learning, guided participation, culture, language, private speech

Piaget thoughts:

cognitive development is universal, independent exploration, self talk irrelevant

Vygotsky thoughts:

cognitive development differs by culture, guided participation, critical for cog development

Lawrence Colbert;Moral development

gave an ethical dilemma and asked Ed what the main character have done in the simulation and why

Heinz dilemma

Woman needs a $2000 drug, husband can’t get money, tries his best, he breaks into the store for the drug. Should he have done that?

Preconventional-external authority

Avoid punishment ex. Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug cause he will go to jail Obtain rewards ex. Heinz should steal the drug so his wife will live.

Conventional Level-maintain order

Obtain Approval of Others ex. Heinz should steal the drug so his wife’s family likes him Rigidly obey rules ex. Heinz should not steal the drug cause it will make the druggist’s family sad.

Post conventional Level-ethics

Society’s rules-but their fallible ex. I’m gonna steal the drug even though it’s illegal cause it’s for my wife Equity and justice ex. Saving a human live is better than a charge for stolen medicine

Kohlberg’s theory criticisms

Stage mixing, Unrealistic senators, ignored Cultural and gender differences