Ch.9 Articulations and Movements

name the functional classifications of joints

-synarthroses -amphiarthroses -diarthroses

name the structural classifications of joints

-fibrous -cartilaginous -synovial

describe synarthroses

immovable joints

describe amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints

describe diarthroses

freely mobile joints

what are the possible types of synarthroses?

fibrous or cartilaginous

what are the possible types of amphiarthroses?

fibrous or cartilaginous

what are the possible types of diarthroses?

all are synovial

describe fibrous joints

held together by dense CT made up of collagenous fibers

describe cartilaginous joints

bones connected by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage); no joint cavity

describe synovial joints

mix of proteins (ligaments) and cartilage; allow free movement

what are the types of fibrous joints?

-sutures -syndesmoses -gomphoses

what are the types of cartilaginous joints?

-synchondroses -symphyses

what are the types of synovial joints?

-ball and socket -condyloid or ellipsoidal -gliding or planar -hinge -pivot -saddle

describe sutures

thin layer of short fibers and dense CT; interlocking, irregular edges interlocking creates strength

describe gomphosis

cone shaped bony process in a bony socket (gums; "peg in a socket"

describe syndesmosis

joints bound by sheet or bundle of CT; flexible; may twist slightly

describe synchondrosis

hyaline cartilage connects bones (can be temporary or permanent)

describe symphysis

contains springy fibrocartilage; cartilaginous pad compresses with force; absorbs shock

describe synovial

allow free movement

location of sutures

b/w some bones of skull

location of gomphosis

tooth attached to maxilla or mandible (periodontal ligament)

location of syndesmosis

interosseous membrane (b/w radius and ulna or b/w tibia and fibula)

location of synchondrosis

epiphyseal growth plate (temporary); manubrium and first rib

location of symphysis

-pubic symphysis -intervertebral discs

structural and functional classifications of sutures

fibrous; synarthrosis

structural and functional classifications of gomphosis

fibrous; synarthrosis

structural and functional classifications of syndesmosis

fibrous; amphiarthrosis

structural and functional classifications of synchondrosis

cartilaginous; synarthrosis

structural and functional classifications of symphysis

cartilaginous; amphiarthrosis

structural and functional classifications of synovial

synovial; diarthrosis

description of ball and socket joints

widest range of motion in all planes and rotational

description of condyloid/ellipsoidal joints

condyle of one bone fits into elliptical cavity of another bone; movement in many planes; no rotational movement

description of gliding/planar joints

nearly flat, slightly curved; slide back and forth; twist

description of hinge joints

convex surface fits into concave surface (like a door hinge)

description of pivot joints

cylindrical joint inside ring of bone; rotational around central axis

description of saddle joints

both concave and convex complimentary surfaces; can move in 2 directions

examples of ball and socket joints

-hip -shoulder

examples of condyloid/ellipsoidal joints

metacarpals to proximal phalanges

examples of gliding/planar joints

-Intercarpal -Intertarsal -Vertebrae -Sacroiliac -Ribs 2-7, sternum

examples of hinge joints

-Elbow -Between phalanges -Tibiofemoral between tibia and femur (knee)

examples of pivot joints

-Neck (atlantoaxial joint) -Radius; pivots on ulna (at elbow)

examples of saddle joints

-carpal and metacarpal of thumb (trapeziometacarpal)

name the important parts of ALL synovial joints

1) Articular cartilage 2) Articular capsule 3) Synovial membrane 4) Synovial Fluid 5) Ligaments 6) Nerves 7) Blood vessels ** make sure to know definitions **

name the other parts of SOME synovial joints

-Meniscus -Bursa -Tendons ** make sure to know definitions **

name the 4 major classifications of movements in synovial joints

-gliding -angular -rotational -special

describe the gliding movement classification

Two opposing surfaces sliding back-and-forth or side-to-side; only limited movement possible in any direction; typically occurs in planar joints

example of gliding movement

intercarpal or intertarsal (planar joints)

describe the angular movement classification

increases or decreases angle between two bones

what are the specific types of angular motion?

-Flexion -Extension -Hyperextension -Lateral flexion -Abduction -Adduction -Circumduction

describe flexion

decreasing angle b/w bones (brings bones closer together)

example of flexion

bending knee

describe extension

increases angle between bones (brings bones closer together)

example of extension

straightening knee

describe hyperextension

joint extended more than 180 degrees

example of hyperextension

looking up at ceiling while standing

describe lateral flexion

trunk of body moving laterally

example of lateral flexion

occurs between vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar region

describe abduction

lateral movement of a body part away from the midline

example of abduction

arm moved laterally away from midline

describe adduction

medial movement of body part toward midline

example of adduction

arm brought back to midline

describe circumduction

proximal end of appendage relatively stationary; distal end makes a circular motion

example of circumduction

drawing a circle on the blackboard

describe the rotational movement classification

bone pivots on its own longitudinal axis

what are the specific types of rotational motion?

-lateral rotation -medial rotation -pronation -supination

describe lateral rotation

turns anterior surface of bone laterally

example of lateral rotation

pointing toes outward

describe medial rotation

turns anterior surface of bone medially

example of medial rotation

crossing arms over chest

describe pronation

-medial rotation of forearm so palm of hand posterior

example of pronation

giving someone a high five

describe supination

-lateral rotation of forearm so palm of hand anterior

example of supination

balancing a book flat on one's hand

describe the special movement classification

do not readily fit other functional categories

what are the specific types of special motion?

-depression -elevation -dorsiflexion -plantar flexion -inversion -eversion -protraction -retraction -opposition -reposition

describe depression

inferior movement of a body part

example of depression

open mouth (mandible)

describe elevation

superior movement of a body part

example of elevation

close mouth (mandible)

describe dorsiflexion

ankle joint; foot pointed superiorly

example of dorsiflexion

standing on your heels

describe plantar flexion

ankle joint; feet pointed posteriorly

example of plantar flexion

standing on tippy toes

describe inversion

intertarsal joint; sole turns medially

example of inversion

turn foot "inside"

describe eversion

intertarsal joint; sole turns laterally

example of eversion

turn foot toward "edge" or "end"

describe protraction

anterior movement from anatomical position

example of protraction

moving jaw anteriorly at TMJ

describe retraction

posterior movement from anatomical position

example of retraction

moving jaw posteriorly at TMJ

describe opposition

movement of thumb to tips of fingers; enables thumb to grasp objects

example of opposition

thumb towards fingers

describe reposition

opposite movement of opposition (thumb moves away from fingertips back to anatomical position)

example of reposition

thumb away from fingers