online quiz #3

behaviorism

the only valid way to know about somebody is to watch the person's behavior because personality is a set of learned responses to the environment

John Watson and B.F Skinner

best vantage point for understanding a person is from the outside because that is where the visible causes of behavior are to be found

empiricism

all knowledge comes from experience

associationism

any two things, including ideas, become mentally associated as one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time

hedonism

people learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain

utilitarianism

society is one that creates the most happiness for the largest number of people

learning

change of behavior as a function of experience

habituation

the simplest way behavior changes as a result of experience

classical conditioning

an unconditioned response that is naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes elicited also by a new conditioned stimulus

learned helplessness

the feeling of anxiety due to the unpredictability that leads to a a behavioral pattern

operant conditioning

association

rewarded, more

If you are _____ for behavior then you will do it ______ often.

punished, less

If you are _______ for behavior then you will do it _____ often.

punishment

an aversive consequence that follows an act in order to stop it and prevent its repetition

availability of alternatives

the alternative response to the behavior that is being punished must be available

behavioral and situational specificity

be clear about exactly what behavior you are punishing and the circumstances under which it will and will not be punished

timing and consistency

a punishment needs to be applied immediately after the behavior you wish to prevent every time a behavior occurs

conditioning secondary punishing stimuli

one can lessen the actual use of punishment by conditioning secondary stimuli to it

avoid mixed messages

punish if you must punish but do not mix your messages

dangers of punishment

- can arouse emotions - difficult to be consistent - difficult to gauge the severity - teaches misuse of power - motivates concealment

shyness

Individuals differences in ______ reflect differences in learned responses to the environment.

social learning theory

claim that the ways people think, plan, perceive, and believe are important parts of learning that research must address the process

expectancy theory value

behavioral decisions are determined not just by the presence or size of reinforcement but also by any beliefs about the likely results of behavior

specific expectancy

belief that certain behavior, at a certain time and place will lead to specific outcomes

generalized expectancy

beliefs about whether anything you do is likely to make a difference

efficacy expectations

one's beliefs that one can perform a goal-directed behavior

observational learning

acquire behavior by watching someone else and observing the consequences

reciprocal determinism

analysis of how people shape their environments

expected consequences

a person knows the consequences based on thoughts and knowledge

cognitive perspective

our personality reflects how we process information about ourselves, others, and the world

hostile attribution bias

people learn to see the world as a hostile, threatening place

negative self-schemas

insulting thoughts about the self

people differ in their tendency to ....

experience emotion, express particular emotions, and understand/recognize emotion in others

emotional experience

- appraisal - physical responses - facial expressions - nonverbal behaviors

emotional intelligence

accurately perceiving emotions in oneself and others

cognitive control

how people feel and respond to the way they feel

happiness

- overall satisfaction with life - satisfaction with how things are going in certain instances - high levels of positive emotion and low levels of negative emotion

How can we study if emotion expressions are innate or socially learned?

1. we learn them 2. we are born with them because of emotion

priming

activation of a concept or idea by repeatedly perceiving it or thinking about it

hostility

_______ can cause someone to perceive an ambiguous situation as threatening.

perceptual defense

process of failing to perceive stimuli that an individual from feeling too much anxiety

representations

How we process information reflects our mental _______ of ourselves, others, and the world.

thought

Decisions reached by an individual's _______ process determine many of their actions.

short-term memory

where the consciousness is located

chunks

any piece of information that can be thought of as a unit

rational system

is an analytic, logical, systematic, factual knowledge

experimental system

is holistic, affective, intuitive, insightful, and wise

motivated view

we burry hidden needs/desires in the unconscious

cognitive view

information perceived may get into unconscious and influence us but is not buried there

Gottfredson

intelligence is a very general, mental capacity that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, and learn quickly from experience

schemas

provide a framework for encoding and integrating new information

self-schema

___-_____ help you understand and organize your experiences and beliefs about yourself.

self-aggrandizing

unrealistically positive self-schemas

rejection sensitivity

chronic accessibility of rejection relationship schemas

idiographic goals

those that are unique to the individual that supports them

nomothetic goals

relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues

judgement goals

seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself

development goals

desire to actually improve oneself, to become smarter, more beautiful, or more popular

self-awareness

- the I - self as the perceiver: does the thinking and the describing

cognitive behavioral markers

- 18 to 24 months - mirror self-recognition

linguistic markers

- 1 to 2 years old - self-referencing with 1st person pronouns

emotional markers

- 2 to 3 years old - self-concept emotions

self-concept

- the Me - self as object being perceived: is observed and described

self-efficacy

the degree to which believe you are capable of succeeding a specific task

four important parts of the self

1. self-regulation 2. information-processing filter guiding us to focus on and remember the information that really matters to us 3. help us relate to other people 4. identity

self-discrepancy theory

you have not one but two kinds of desired selves and the difference between them and your actual self determines how you feel

ideal self

your view of what you could be at your best and who you'd like to be

ought self

your view of what you should be

self-esteem

your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or somewhere in between

What measures self-esteem?

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and The Single Item Self-Esteem Scale

parents

________ have little influence of self-esteem development.

high

In childhood we have _____ self-esteem.

drops

In adolescence self-esteem ______ particularly for girls.

gradually

In adulthood self-esteem _______ increases.

drops

In old age self-esteem _______ sharply.

self-enhancement

thinking that you are better than the other people who knows you thinks you are

declarative knowledge

consists of the facts and impressions that we consciously know and can describe

procedural knowledge

expressed through actions not words

self, others

The _____ is better at judging its own emotional experience, but ______ are better at judging assertiveness, humor, talkativeness, and more.

psychotherapy

_______ is often to try to gain a broad view of one's own behavior to discover where one's strengths and weaknesses lie.

Why does self knowledge matter?

- choosing a career - choosing a partner - choosing a president - choosing how to spend your free time - choosing friends

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

a list and decision of what were seen as major disorders of personality and other psychological afflictions

purposes of the DSM

- make psychological diagnosis more objective - gives the psychiatrist or therapist something to write on the insurance billing

personality disorder

a pattern of thought, feeling, and behavior that goes beyond the normal rang and causes problems for the affected individual or for others

steps to define personality traits

1. unusually extreme personality attributes 2. by definition tends to cause problems 3. affect social relationships and interactions 4. are stable over time 5. the person may not see it as a problem

cluster A

part of the old system that was categorized as odd and eccentric patterns of thinking

cluster B

part of the old system that was categorized as impulsive and erratic patterns of behavior

cluster C

part of the old system that was categorized as anxious and avoidant emotional styles

dimensional system

one or more pathological personality traits that are modern or greatly impairing the personality

Impairments

_________ on the 5-point scale from Little or No _______ to extreme or modern as a disorder threshold.

negative affectivity

emotional lability, anxious attachment, submissiveness, hostility, depressivity, suspiciousness, etc.

detachment

withdrawal, intimacy avoidance, and anhedonia

antagonism

manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention seeking, callousness, and hostility

disinhibition vs. compulsivity

irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractability, risk taking, carelessness vs. rigid perfection

impaired, degree of dysfunction

Assess whether the client's "personality functioning" is seriously ________ and if so rate the ______________.

six

Assess whether at least one of the _____ defined types of personality disorder is present.

degree, five

Assess the _____ to which the client is characterized by each of the ____ maladaptive personality traits.

antisocial personality disorder

a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

borderline personality disorder

a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and effects, and marked impulsivity

the possible origin of bipolar disorder

the genetic risk factor that is combined with early family environments that doesn't teach children how to understand and regulate emotions

historonic personality disorder

(deleted in new system) a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

narcissistic personality disorder

belief that one is superior

schizoid personality disorder

(deleted from new system) a pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression

schizotypal personality disorder

a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities in behavior

paranoid personality disorder

(deleted from the new system) a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others' motives are interpreted as malevolent

avoidant personality disorder

a pattern of social inhibition, feeling of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

dependent personality disorder

(deleted from the new system) a pattern of submissive and clingy behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a pattern of peroccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

negative emotionality

_________ ________ is associated with poor physical health.

deal makers

traits that promote a good relationships

deal breakers

traits that prevent or undermine relationships

dispositional contempt

people with high scores come across as cold, arrogant, disagreeable, and emotionally fragile and insecure

rejection sensitivity

people are overly reactive to any indication that their partner might be losing interest or will soon reject them, leading to an anxious or panicked response

compatibility

similarity is a good thing if the couple is similar and well-adjusted

mate selection and attraction

what one looks for in the opposite sex

mating strategies

how one handles heterosexual relationships

jealousy

Gender differences in the experience of _______.

sexy son hypothesis

mating with an attractive but unstable male will produce sexier sons who will be more likely to reproduce

sociosexuality

willingness to engage in sexual relations in the absence of a serious relationship

attachment theory

theory that focuses on patterns of relationships with others that are consistently repeated with different partners throughout life

occupational success

Employers want employees with certain traits to ensure _______ _______.

human capital formation

motivation, persistence, and self-control

creativity

________ = originality x usefulness

cultural diversity

the exposure to a broader range of ideas that leads to more creativity

fluid

Younger people have higher _______ intelligence.

crystalized

Older people have higher _______ intelligence.

higher power

_____ ________ group members will generate more creative ideas.

low power

_______ ________ group members will generate fewer ideas when high-power members are present and will accept their ideas with no criticism.

broad attention focus

- positive emotions - good for thinking outside the box

detailed attention focus

- negative emotion - good for careful execution and polishing of projects

approach motivation

- focuses on gain and non-gains - high creativity but potentially less honesty

avoidance motivation

- focuses on losses and non-losses - better on detailed oriented tasks but low creativity