AP Bio - Unit 4

Bacteria

What is an example of a prokaryote?

Plants and Animals

What are the two main categories of eukaryotes?

DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane

What four features do all cells share?

No nucleus, unbound DNA in a nucleoid, No membrane-bound organelles, has a Wall and Capsule

What are characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

Metabolic Requirements

What limits a cell's size?

Higher

Do small cells have a higher or lower SA:V ratio than larger cells?

Small

Which size of cell is more efficient at moving nutrients throughout them?

Small

Which size of cell has a better rate of heat exchange with the environment?

Surface Area and Volume

What are SA and V in the SA:V ratio?

Chloroplast, Cell Wall, Central Vacuole

What are three components of a plant cell that cannot be found in an animal cell?

DNA

What does a nucleus contain?

Ribosomes

What organelle is found in all forms of life and reflects common ancestry?

mRNA and protein

Ribosomes are complexes of what two things?

Protein Synthesis

What process do ribosomes carry out?

Linear strands found in pairs

What do chromosomes look like? (Just try to get a close answer)

One DNA molecule and protein

What are chromosomes made up of?

Cytosol

What is another name for cytoplasm?

A selective barrier that regulates passage of materials

What is the plasma membrane?

Phospholipids

What makes up plasma membranes?

Oxygen, Nutrients, and Waste

What substances do plasma membranes regulate in and out?

On the rough ER and free-floating in cytoplasm

Where are the two locations ribosomes are found in a cell?

Nuclear Lamina (proteins)

What determines the shape of a nucleus?

Chromatin

What is it called when DNA and chromosome proteins come together?

Nucleus

Where does ribosomal RNA synthesis take place?

They stay in the cell

Where do proteins made by ribosomes in cytoplasm go?

They leave the cell or go to the membrane

Where do proteins made by ribosomes on the rough ER go?

Nuclear Envelope, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles and Plasma Membrane

What makes up the Endomembrane System?

Ribosomes, Chloroplast, and Mitochondria

What are three important organelles not found in the Endomembrane System?

Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions

What does the endomembrane system do?

Ribosomes

What main feature differentiates rough ER from smooth ER?

Rough

Which ER has ribosomes?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

What does the ER stand for?

Synthesizes lipids and Carbohydrate Metabolism

What are the two main functions of the smooth ER?

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

What organelle contributes to over half of the total membrane in eukaryotes?

Distributes transport vesicles

What is the main functions of the rough ER?

Folds and chemically modifies newly-made proteins from the rough ER and packages them for protein transport

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

Digest macromolecules, Recycle organic materials, and plays a role in cell death

What are the main functions of Lysosomes?

Peroxisome

What's another name for Lysosome?

Hydrolytic Enzymes

What do lysosomes contain?

Animal (Eukaryotic) Cells, most specifically: White Blood Cells

What type of cell has a lot of lysosomes?

storing and releasing macromolecules and cellular waste products

What are the main functions of vacuoles?

Plant cells

What type of cells have specialized vacuoles to hold organic compounds and water (for turgor pressure)?

Compartmental

The endomembrane system is a complex and dynamic player in the cell's _____________ organization?

Mitochondria

What is the powerhouse of the cell😋 ?

Cellular Respiration

What process takes place in the Mitochondria?

Photosynthesis

What process takes place in the Chloroplast?

The belief that the mitochondria and the chloroplast were once independent (prokaryotic) cells that were enveloped by eukaryotic cells

What is the endosymbiont theory? (endosymbiosis)

They're both enveloped by a double membrane, they each contain their own ribosomes, they have their own DNA, and can essentially grow and reproduce independently in cells

What are three pieces of evidence to support the endosymbiont theory?

Cristae

Mitchondria had smooth outer membranes and an inner membrane folded called what?

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

What two organelles are not part of the endomembrane system but can still compartmentalize reactions?

ATP (Energy)

When more reactions occur in the Mitochondria occur more of what is produced?

Chlorophyll

What is the pigment found in chloroplasts called?

Green organs of photosynthetic plants and algae

Chloroplasts are found in leaves and what else?

Thylakoid

Chloroplasts are made of those pancake stacks what are each individual "pancake"/disc called?

Granum

Chloroplasts are made of those pancake stacks what are the stacks of "pancakes"/Thylakoids called?

Stroma

What is the fluid found inside Chloroplasts called?

Matrix

What is the fluid found inside of the Mitochondria called?

Cytoskeleton

What is the network of fibers that supports the cell and maintains its shape called?

Cilia or Flagella

What are the two names for the structures responsible for cell movement called?

Cell Wall

What extracellular structure distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?

Cellulose fibers

What is the cell wall made up of?

Nuclear Envelope

What surrounds the nucleus? (Hint: it's two words and one of them is literally "nuclear")

Lysosomes and Vacuoles

What two organelles are membranous sacs?