AP Biology

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121 Terms
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hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

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CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP

CLPN

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nucleotide

phosphate, %c sugar, N2 base

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amino acids differ

R group

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unsaturated FA

double bond, low melting point, bendy

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saturated FA

single bonds, high melting point, straight

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strand nucleotide +

3' covalent

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primary structure

sequence of amino acids

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secondary structure

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

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tertiary structure

3D shape, R groups of the amino acids interact

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quarternary structure

2+ polypeptide subunits.

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3'

carboxyl terminus

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5'

phosphate terminus

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starch

energy plants

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glycogen

energy humans

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

system of membranes that is found. Production of lipids, processing, and transport of proteins

Detoxification and lipid synthesis

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Rough ER

membranous sacs covered with proteins

Compartmentalization

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Golgi complex

modifies, packages, and transports proteins

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lysosome

digestion, recycling, apoptosis

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vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

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thylakoid

fattened sac inside the chloroplast, light dependent reaction

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grana

stacks of thylakoids

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stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast

Light independent

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turgor pressure

internal cellular force, caused by water pushing up against the plasma membrane and cell wall

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hydrophilic head

phosphate polar

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hydrophobic tail

fatty acid nonpo;ar

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peripheral proteins

surface

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integral proteins

go through membrane

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Fluid Mosaic Model

accurate fluid and has embedded proteins

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glycoprotein

protein with 1+ carb attached

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glycolipids

lipid with 1+ carb attached

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channel protein

hydrophilic tunnel

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plasmodemata

holes between cells that allow for transfer

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plant wall

cellulose

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fungi wall

chitin

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prokaryotic wall

peptidoglycan

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endocytosis

takes in material

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phagocytosis

eat cell

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pinocytosis

drink cell

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receptor-mediated endocytosis

with receptor proteins

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cotransport

active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances

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symport

transport same direction

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antiport

transport opposite direction

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electrochemical gradient

membrane and electrical potential

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aquaporin

water channel protein in a cell

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solute

being dissolved

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solvent

dissolves a solute

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hypertonic

more solute

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hypotonic

less solute

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water potential

pressure potential + solute potential

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  • water potential

likely water will move into the area

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exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

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endosymbiosis

process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes (chloroplast and mitochondria)

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negative control

not exposed to the experimental treatment or any treatment known to have an effect

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positive control

treatment with known response

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denaturation

temperature and pH

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pH denaturation

reversible

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temp denaturation

irreversible

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allosteric sites

a region of the enzyme other than the active site to which a substance can bind

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chlorophyll

absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

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photosystem

light-collecting units of the chloroplast

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atp synthase

enzyme that adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

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light dependent

light to chemical energy, ATP and NADPH

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calvin cycle

makes organic products that plants need using products from the light reactions

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etc

transfers energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions. Establish protein gradients across membranes

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decoupling

protons will not create ATP. Energy released as heat

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oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis

produce ATP using energy from redox reactions of an ETC

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thermoregulation

heat from decoupling

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RTR

three stages of cell signaling

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transduction

convert signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response

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Phosphorylation cascade

amplifies signal. a protein kinase activates another...

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ligand

chemical messenger

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quorum sensing

signal mechanism used by bacteria. Used to detect changes in population density

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cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

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G0

a resting stage, DNA replication and cell division stop

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g1, g2, m

Checkpoints in the cell cycle

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m spindle checkpoint

fiber attachment to chromosome check

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Cyclins and CDKs

regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control

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cyclin produced

promote progression

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CDK activation

cyclin attachment

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Diplod

2n, body

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haploid

n, sex

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meiosis

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mitosis produces

2 identical 2n daughters

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