ecology 301

net primary productivity is calculated as

GPP - respiration

units of GPP

kJ/m2/y

which of the following factors is NOT used for quantifying primary productivity over time?

change in consumer biomass

Which is the portion of energy that an organism uses to maintain its body temperature?

respired

Terrestrial NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems, and aquatic NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems.

tropical; coastal

Between latitudes of 30° N and 30° S, NPP is primarily constrained by

precipitation

In aquatic ecosystems, trophic pyramids of biomass are inverted because

the standing biomass of algae is lower than the standing biomass of consumers

Assimilation energy is the percentage of consumed energy that is

digested and absorbed

Aquatic ecosystems typically have ¬¬¬¬¬_____ trophic levels, while terrestrial ecosystems typically have _____ trophic

5; 3-4

A trophic level has a biomass residence time of 5 years and net productivity of 3 kg/m2/y. What is the biomass in the trophic level?

15 kg/m2

Chose a logical path for a molecule of water starting and ending in the atmosphere.

precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, condensation

Which statement is TRUE about the global hydrologic cycle?- Precipitation is greater than evaporation in terrestrial ecosystems.

Precipitation and evaporation are about equal in terrestrial ecosystems

In waterlogged conditions, anaerobic metabolism of carbon compounds can cause the production of the greenhouse gas

methane (CH4)

Nitrogen-fixing plants such as soybeans are able to convert

atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate and ammonium

Which is NOT an example of a major human alteration to the global nitrogen cycle?

Animal waste from agriculture

Dead zones are formed when rivers that empty into oceans carry excess phosphorus and nitrate runoff. These dead zones are caused by

algal blooms

Which of the following does NOT significantly affect terrestrial decomposition rates?

phosphorus content of litter

Decomposition is more rapid in _____ forests because of _____.

tropical; increased temperature and precipitation

In the study of leaf decomposition in a stream in Germany using leaf litter enclosed in either fine- or large-mesh bags, researchers found that decomposition was strongly affected by

invertebrates and lignin content

which is not an adaptation to low oxygen aquatic environment

increased metabolic activity

Match adaptation to benefit prevent loss of leaf tissue produce boundary layer of still air able to take up water after brief rainfall protect plants from slow water loss

small leaves with high density veins; spines and hairs; shalllow roots; resin

a fish that has tissue solute concentrations that are higher than surround waters

is hyperosmotic; trying to not drink the environmental water in attempt to maintain internal water concentrations

photosynthesis occurs in two steps known as ___ and the ____

light; calvin

why are both CO2 and O2 limited in aquatic environments?

not very soluble in water

a smallmouth bass swimming in cold water of a springtime lake would likely expend ______ energy than when swimming in warmer water of lake during the summer

more

the temp that water reaches maxx density

4 degree Celsius

rate of biological processes increases two to four times for each ___ increase in temp

10 deg C

fish obtain oxygen from the water through their gills using

countercurrent circulation

which photosynthsis method is best suited to warm dry environment

C4 fixation and CAM

aquatic organisms have developed streamline shapes to adapt to the

viscosity of water

a plant with high number of stomata

high rate of transpiration

the low density of ice

allows aquatic plants to survive the winter

primary cause of coral bleaching

increased water temperature

waters polar nature

makes it a good solvent

T/F adding dissolved compounds such as salt to water increases the boiling point and inc freezing point

false

anaerobic condition

more common in deep water than shallow

spotted salamanders lay eggs in gelatinous masses on twigs partially submerged in small ponds. associated with the eggs scientists have found mutualistic relationship with the developing eggs. what benefit does the salamander recieve from this relationship

salamander embryos recieve increased oxygen supply

which does not limit the ability of aquatic plants to photosynthesize

high levels of carbonic acid

which is not a true statement

all ectotherms are poikilotherms

which of the following is not a part of carbon equilibrium in water

ammonia

availability of soil nutrients varies with

presence other ions soil temp pH

photosynthesis primarily allows plants to produce

glucose

which is not an adaptation that exploits the density of water

long, filamentous appendages

a liquid with low pH would have a ___ H+ concentration and would be called

high ; acidic

T/F: energy benefit of resource item/ handling time = amount of energy gained per unit time

true

T/F: some foragers consume a singular food type as a diet mixing foraging response because one type of food will provide all the necessary nutrients

false

changes in ____ and _____ are often relatively slow phenotypic responses

morphology; life history

this figure shows the tail shape developed by 3 tadpole genotypes (M,N,O) when raised in an environment with predators and an environment without predators. in the presence of predators, tadpoles with large tails have high fitness and tadpoles with small tails have low fitness. when predators arent present tadpoles with large tails have low fitness and tadpoles with small tails have high fitness. which genotypes exhibit phenotypic plasticity in response to predators

O only

when the protist Euplotes detects predators, it grows wings and other projections to discourage predators. however developing the projections and wings slows down growth is an example of

phenotypic tradeoffs; phenotypic plasticity

based on the central place foraging theory and the figure, identify the optimal # prey for forarger to catch

8 prey

in response to a specific type of environmental variation, the Burmese phython can drastically increase the size of its heart and length of intestines in fewer than 2 days. what environmental variation causes this drastic change

variation in availability of food

T/F: slow environmental fluctuations favor slow phenotypic responses, whereas rapid fluctuations favor rapid phenotypic responses

true

If a goldfish is acclimated at 25°C, at which temperature would we expect the fish to swim fastest?

25 deg C

which of the following are phenotypically plastic responses of plants to reduced water availability

close stomata in leaves; increase the root/shoot ratio

Consider a mouse that can forage in one of two fields. The south field has three times more seeds than the north field. However, an owl (a predator that eats mice) lives at the south field. The mouse forages in the north field despite the fact that it contains less food. This is an example of:

risk sensitive foraging

since resources vary in ____ and ___ no single foraging strategy can maximize an animals fitness

space and time

different species of birds found feeding in different parts of same forest canopy at the same time may be an example of

microhabitat differences

the average annual rainfall measured in a desert over 10 years is which type of variation

climate

consider the figure, which shows how Virginia pepperweed responds to herbivores. which of the following conclusions can we make soley using the data

plants increased glucosinolate production when aphids were present and plants with more glucosinolate and trichomes had fewer aphids

which of the following is an example of weather

A single location received 10 cm of snow on January 1, 2011, but no snow on January 2, 2011

what is the risk to a species of inbreeding depression?

an increased likelihood of deleterious genes being inherited from both egg and sperm

When humans move from low elevations to high elevations, it typically takes one or more weeks for their bodies to improve their ability to carry oxygen. This is an example of

acclimation

a scientist is studying a bird that forages for worms and takes them back to their nest. if the relation between search time and the # prey caught remains constant but the scientist moves the food closer, what change in the birds beahvior would central place foraging predict?

fewer worms would be brought back per trip

a preadtor should always eat the prey species that provides the highest amount of energy gained per unit time ... this is for the ______ response to food variation

optimal

the figure shows plant growth responses to variation in availibity of water. if this is an example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity how would we expect the root to shoot ratio be related to fitness

when water is scarce plants wit high root to shoot ratios have higher fitness

Many types of traits are plastic, such as

behavior, growth, development, and reproduction

match the dormancy type to its defintion and/or example chipmunks shutting down of metabolic processes during summer in responses to heat crocodiles west indian hummingbird complete physiological shutdown brief period of dormancy in which individuals reduce activity

hibernation aestivation aestivation torpor diapause torpor

what is not a reason why cold regions with high rainfall are rare

water doesnt evaporate at high temps, cold atmosphere holds lots of water vapor

albedo is the fraction of solar energy reflected by an object. Forests have a ____ albedo and snow has a ____ albedo

low; high

which of the following does not drive ocean currents

continental water sources

As a river flows downstream, it generally

has more nutrients

Manure from a farming operation that enters into a stream would be considered

allochthonous

In areas with significant leaching, which soil horizon would be largest?

E

Compared to coastal regions, the interior of a continent usually has _____ precipitation and ______ variation in climate.

less; more

In which aquatic environment are organisms most likely to produce bioluminescence?

aphotic zones

an important characteristic of a stream is

high allochthonous input

The aphotic zone is a feature in

open ocean

The energy of incident solar radiation reaching the surface of Earth declines toward the poles from its maximum in equatorial regions. Why is this?

the tilt of earth increases the reflection of solar radiation

which of the following is the most likely reason a soil would not have an O horizon

soil is in a desert

Oceans and lakes cover ___ % in Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore ______ rain falls in the Northern Hemisphere

lower; less

based on the image below, identify the latent heat movement. A is representing of _____ and B is representing of ______

absorbed and released

which is a unique characteristic of estuaries

mixing of fresh and salt water

which of the following is used to distinguish aquatic biomes

salinity depth flow

many factors create ocean currents. some factors are

unequal heating; salinity; coriolis effect; wind directions

What kind of oceanic circulation would you predict for the western coasts of continents?

cold currents moving from poles toward equator

plant growth and its growing season can be constrained by _____ and ______

temperature and precipitation

which combination of factors causes the fastest nutrient cycling in a biome

high precipitation and high temperatures

ocean zone with the highest productivity is the

neritic zone

Thermohaline circulation is driven by:

sinking polar water with high salinity

a symbiotic relationship with algae is central to

coral reefs

Lakes are generally divided into zones, each of which has unique physical and biological attributes. In which zone would you expect to find rooted vegetation?

littoral

in which lake zone would photosynthesis not occur

profundal zones

here is a table of 4 populations of dragons with allele frequencies that relate to breathing fire over 10 years, which of the populations evolved?

populations 2, 3

Body size is a heritable trait in the amphipod, an aquatic crustacean. Fish preferentially consume large amphipods, leaving primarily small amphipods to breed. Based on these observations, how would we expect evolution to affect ponds with and without fish?

ponds with fish should have smaller amphpods

shown below are pictures of Arabidopsis spp. which typically has 4 flowers as in the picture on the left. the picture on the right represents a flower from an organism where a change occured inthe nucleotide sequence of the sex cells of its parents. this example represents the mechanism of evolution called _______

mutation

Consider a gene that affects fur color in mice. This gene has two alleles, A and a. If AA mice have white fur, Aa mice have gray fur, and aa mice have black fur, how would we describe the effect of these alleles?

A and a are codominant

When a parental generation undergoes stabilizing selection, how will the distribution of phenotypes in the population change between the parental generation and their progeny?

mean phenotype stays the same, but variability decreases

what process creates new alleles in a population

mutation

Evolution by artificial selection is similar to evolution by natural selection because I. both require traits to be heritable. II. both incorporate founder effects. III. both generate differences in fitness between individuals.

I, III

based on the phylogeny in the figure, which group is most closely related to reptiles

mammals

based on the phylogeny in the figure, which traits are shared by bony fishes and amphibians

jaws and bony skeleton

The drastic phenotypic differences between large dogs, such as bloodhounds, and small dogs, such as Chihuahuas, are a result of

artificial selection

If a population of butterflies is under strong natural selection favoring large wings but there is no genetic variation for wing size, what do we expect to occur in the next generation?

no evolutionary change in wing size

shown here is a picture of an island with a species of ladybug that comes in two colors yellow and red. ladybugs arent strong enough to fly to new island but thers a large storm that blows several ladybugs onto new island. ladybugs on new island are all red while inital population had some yellow ones, the mechanism for this evolutionary change is

genetic drift

which of the following types of allele would we expect to have the lowest frequency in population

harmful dominant allele

Which is a prediction of the hypothesis that predation caused industrial melanism?

birds more frequently capture dark moths on light trees than those on dark trees

consider three populations of plant species each of which is isolated from other. population x has 100 individuals, population y had 10,000 and population z had 1 million. if the enviroment changed and a new environemntal condition exerted the exact same stregnth of directional selection on all 3 populations which population would be expect to evolve most rapidly

population Z

consider a situation in which overharvesting causes the # fish in population to become drastically smaller which causes genetic variation in that fish to decrease over a few generations . this is an example of

bottleneck effect

based on the phylogeny of the Galapagos finches, which statement is correct

ancestor of small tree finch and large tree finch probably ate insects

stickleback fish exhibit variation in morphological trait known as gillrakers. fish with long gillrakers are very good at eating plankton and fish with short gill rakers are good at eating deep water invertebrates. with this info what type of selection is likely acting on stickleback gill raker legnth

disruptive selection

requirements for evolution by natural selection

1. There must be variation among individuals of a species. 2. This variation must be heritable. 3. This variation must lead to differential reproduction.

match: allele whose phenotypic effect is not typically observed in a heterozygote; the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic makeup ; any of the alternative versions of a gene may produce a distinguishable phenotypic effects; having 2 identical alleles for given gene ; cellular structure carrying genetic material that consists of 1 very long dna molecule; discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of specific nucleotide sequence of dna

recessive phenotype allele homozygous chromosome gene

which is/are correct of founder effect

founder effect occurs when individuals are transported to new location founder effect may see further reduction in genetic variation

which of the following is/are correct

1,2,3

consider three populations of plant species each of which is isolated from other. population x has 100 individuals, population y had 10,000 and population z had 1 million. if genetic drift is the only evolutionary process acting on these populations how can we expect the amount of genetic variation to differ

X will have the lowest variation, Y will have intermediate

an organism at times mates by outcrossing and other times mates by self fertilization. what is the least likely environmental variable the organism is responding too

changes in daily temperature profile

Grime proposed that combinations of life history traits in plants are mainly determined by three factors. Which is NOT one of these factors? competition, stress, disturbance, herbivory

herbivory

The image below is an example of a _______________ dependent sex determination

temperature

Some marine snails (species L) produce large numbers of small eggs that are shed into the sea, hatch at an early stage of development, and feed on microscopic plants. Other marine snails (species S) produce few eggs that are retained for a long time within the body of the mother snail in a brood pouch, hatch at an advanced stage of development, and immediately begin to feed on the surfaces of large plants like the adults. A biologist discovers approximately equal numbers of adults of species L and S in the same area over many generations. While studying the two species of snails, the biologist hypothesizes that the two species expend approximately the same amount of energy producing young. What assumption is the biologist making?

an egg of species S contains more energy than egg species L

Some marine snails (species L) produce large numbers of small eggs that are shed into the sea, hatch at an early stage of development, and feed on microscopic plants. Other marine snails (species S) produce few eggs that are retained for a long time within the body of the mother snail in a brood pouch, hatch at an advanced stage of development, and immediately begin to feed on the surfaces of large plants like the adults. A biologist discovers approximately equal numbers of adults of species L and S in the same area over many generations. which of the following is most likely

young that parents care for until they reach a more advanced stage

having a large number of offspring potentially affects a parents fitness for subsequent breeding seasons . which of the following outcomes is least likely

competition with offspring for food could reduce energy for future reproduction

Research on frogs has shown that compared to well-nourished counterparts, poorly nourished frogs mature

somewhat later age and at a somewhat smaller size

which statement best describes the cost of meiosis

Females pass on only 50% of their DNA through sexual reproduction rather than 100% through asexual reproduction

in most species, what process is responsible for sex ratios of approximately one to one?

frequency dependent selection

When adults have a high probability of survival from one year to the next and offspring survival is relatively poor, the best strategy for an adult to maximize fitness is to

increase survival at the expense of fecundity

A peacock is significantly more colorful than a peahen and has a much larger tail. These traits allow the peacock to attract a mate but also make the peacock more visible to predators. This is an example of

runaway sexual selection

In some perfect flowers, the receptiveness of the stigma is delayed until after its anthers have released pollen. This delay prevents

self fertilization

sexual reproduction is costly because it requires ___, ____ and there is an increase risk of herbivory, predation and parasitism when finding mates

time energy or resources

which is not a benefit of extra-pair copulation

increased fitness of monogamous male due to less energy expended on reproduction

Reproductive trade-offs that an organism might face include all of the following except

the costs of hibernation during the nonbreeding season versus the costs of migration

Which panel best illustrates the most direct effect of predation?

A

research using dna analysis has shown that with most bird species, the eggs within a nest being incubated at the same time may be the product of a single female and more than one male. this is finding evidence of

extra pair copulation

migratory birds are likely responding to what environmental cue to initiate the behavior leading to migration from the northern breeding grounds to their more southern overwintering areas?

changes in day length as seasons change

there are multiple benefits to undergoing sexual reproduction. these include removing ___ and having the ability to cope with ___, ____, ___

mutations, environment, pathogen, parasite

which variable best summarizes the response to increased predation mortality for adults and suggest that putting more energy into reproduction provides an improved fitness benefit?

offspring volume

which of the following is not a mechanism by which organism can purge deleterious mutations?

random assortment in mitosis

which of the following isnt a potential benefit of increased resource availability

reduced predation risk

Consider a species with a fast potential growth rate, reproduction at a relatively early age, allocation of a small proportion of net production to seeds, and reliance on vegetative spread. According to Grime's classification of life history traits, this species fits the profile of a

competitor

all of the following are benefits of sexual reproduction except that

offspring are likley to have greater resources for reproduction than aseuxally produced offspring

Fig wasp populations contain a high proportion of females to males because of local mate competition. This occurs because

large number of females can mate with a single mate

Consider the time series of population sizes in years 1 and 2 for populations a, b, c, and d. If the population size in year 3 is determined by a logistic model with delayed density dependence from a 1-year time lag (i.e., τ = 1), r = 1, and K = 10 individuals, which of the following time series of population sizes would lead to an overshoot of the carrying capacity in year 3?

year 1- 5 individuals

year 2- 10 individuals

which of the following statements about the logistic growth model is accurate?

1,2

which of the following are characteristics of a source subpopulation

high quality habitat, high level of resources, high emigration rate

For 5 years, a biologist studied a population of mice living in a field. The mice have 3 age classes; 1 year old, 2 years old, 3 years old. The number of individuals in each age class over the course of the study is shown in the table. The geometric mean growth from year 1 to year 2 is

3

which describes the figure of logistic population growth shown in the graph

r >0 , K < 300

A biologist is developing models to describe the population dynamics of the species he studies. Four models are listed. Each model is based on the logistic model, with r equal to 1 and K equal to 100. The initial population size is given by N0. In which of his models of population growth would the population be most likely to go extinct?

stochastic model, N0= 10

human activity can affect metapopulations. in the basic model of metapopulation dynamics, if humans improve habitat quality of subpopulations, the probability of extinction ____ and the proportion of occupied patches _____

decreases; increases

the following table shows the survival and fecundity of a flowering plant

1664

For 5 years, a biologist studied a population of mice living in a field. The mice have 3 age classes; 1 year old, 2 years old, 3 years old. The number of individuals in each age class over the course of the study is shown in the table. which describes this population

1,2

Under the basic model of metapopulation dynamics, which of the following conditions is necessary to prevent the species from going extinct?

colonization rate greater than extinction rate

which conclusion does figure support

White pine may have had decreased recruitment since 1650

which is true about damped oscillations

they are expected to occur when rt= 1

an age structure graph that appears rectangular in overall shape would likely see what in the future

no change in population size

which panel is most likely to indicate a population with a constant environment and no time delays in density dependent

a

which correctly describes metapopulation

1,2,3

Consider four populations of island birds. Each island has a different carrying capacity, and the birds are subject to environmental and demographic stochasticity. Which population is LEAST likely to go extinct?

island 4, K= 1,200

in the logistic growth model under which condition is the per capita rate of increase the highest

N= k/4

which is an example of the rescue effect

II. A population of mice in a low-quality habitat persists because of immigration from high-quality habitats.

which reflects negative density dependence

I and II (A fungus infects and kills plants at a higher rate when they are abundant than when they are rare AND a group of birds has a higher per capita survival rate when it is large than when it is small)

Consider a biologist studying a population of deer. At the beginning of the year, there are 100 adult deer in the population. Over the course of the year, 15 adult deer die, and an additional 25 deer are born. What can we conclude about λ for this year?

lambda > 1

consider a population with the following numbers of individuals over time year 1:10 ; year 2:25 ; year 3:30 ; if the population size in year 4 is determined by a logistic model with a delayed density depedence from a 1yr time lag

r= 2.0

which of the following is most likely to explain why Daphnia exhibits greater oscillations in population size than Bosmina

Daphina exhibits delayed density dependence, Bosmina does not

which is likely to follow an exponential increase in population size

2,3

A biologist grew 10 groups of flowers in 1-square-meter plots of soil. In five plots, the biologist planted 20 flowers, and in the other five plots, the biologist planted 100 flowers. At the end of the summer, the biologist counted the seeds that each flower produced and found 100 seeds per plant in the plot with 20 plants and 500 seeds per plant in the plot with 100 plants. This is an example of

positive density dependent population regulation

which is the most accurate statement about the conservation biology of species with positive density dependent population regulation

if the population is small, it may not be able to increase

what was the main factor that led to declines in collared lizards populations in the Ozark mountains of Missouri

suppression of forest fires decreased the open habitat that collared lizards require

Based on fitness effects on donors and recipients, which type of social interaction is expected to occur LEAST often?

spitefulness

match movement is seasonal movement is permanent movement is unidirectional movement is to colonize new habitat movement is back and forth between 2 areas

migration dispersal dispersal dispersal migration

in the wattled Jacana a species of tropical wading bird, males perform all brood care. females protect nests and defend territory. females sometimes attack and kill chicks cared for by a male. the male then fertilizers the female attacker and cares for the resulting young. this type of social interaction that sees one female killing the young producers. another female so as to be fertilized by the male caring for the orginial brood is an example of ____

selfishness

An endangered frog species lives in only a few forest patches found throughout the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The Pacific Northwest is its _____ and the forest patches are its _____.

geographic range ; realized niche

Based on the coefficient of relatedness, to which of the following relatives would a donor be most likely to provide altruism?

full sibling

given information 245 rabbits later 46 are captured, 23 already marked based on this mark and recapture data we can estimate the population size to be about ____ rabbits

490

chronic wasting disease is of particular concern on deer farms where it can spread much faster than among wild deer. Why might that be the case?

deer on farms are in large numbers and in close proximity and thus disease can spread more rapidly

According to an ideal free distribution, individual organisms would be expected to move into low-quality habitat

the per capita benefit of the low quality habitat equals the per capita benefit of the high quality habitat

which of the following does not explain why an ideal free distribution might not be achieved in nature

individuals may not be able to differentiate between high and low quality habitat

you are studying flocks of european starlings. you notice that flock size varies quiet a bit from just a few individuals to hundreds within the same flock. what might you expect when observing starling feeding behavior in open fields and lawns between individuals in the small flocks and those in the large flocks.

individual in small flocks spend more time looking for predators

in the experiment in which stickleback fish were presented with high and low quality habitats why would fish disperse from high food side of aquarium to low food side

the low food side per capita benefit equaled the high food side

Group living _____ individual risk of predation and _____ the predation risk of the group.?

decrease ; increase

in a hardy weinburg population with two alleles, A and a, the frequency of a is .3 . what is the frequency of individuals with homozygous for this allele?

.09

there are several spatial structure models please list them in order of decreasing complexity

landscape models, source sink models, metapopulation models

which is not true about the social interaction termed cooperation

it is less common than spitefulness in wild animal population

Methods such as area-based, volume-based, and line-transect surveys would be best for estimations of _____ populations.

evenly spaced

which is/are true about territoriality

when a resource can be defended; when the benefits of defending a resource outweigh the costs during nonbreeding season

what factors drive the relationship between population density and adult body size

space and resources

432 fish are captured tagged and released. 124 fish are captured and 31 were already marked . based on the data we can estimate the population size to be about _____

1728

increased competition for food among individuals living in groups may lead to an increase in all the following except

time spent in parental care of offspring

which is not true about a species geographic range

geographic area is contiguous

as a result of group living, an individual living in a group might

have a higher rate of consumption

which type of plant is most likely to exhibit altruistic social behaviors?

clonal species that reproduce through vegetative growth

plants that grow by vegetative reproduction likely will have the ___ type of dispersion pattern

clustered

a type ____ functional response occurs when a predators rate of prey consumption increases linerly with increasing prey

1

many organisms that employ chemical defenses also display

aposematism

in S-I-R models if the new ratio of new infections to recoveries is less than 1

the infection fails to take hold in the host population

On Macquarie Island invasive rabbits were causing declines in palatable vegetation, and feral cats were preying on native birds. What was the primary result whena flea carrying a virus that killed the rabbitsdecreased rabbits' numbers on the island?

feral cats were switched from eating rabbits to eating native birds

Vaccinations slow or stop the spread of diseases by

reducing the size of susceptible population

the bacterium that causes chlamydia in humans can be transmitted from mother to fetus by ___ transmission or between any two individuals by ___transmission

vertical; horizontal

what happens to prey population when P < r/c what happens when the predator population experiences V m/ac what happens to the prey population when P > r/c

increases decreases increases decreases

in S-I-R models which of the following doesnt determine the proportion of SIR individuals in a population

recovery of infected individuals

diseases such as HIV and African sleeping sickness can avoid the hosts immune system by

making themselves undetectable

according to Lotka-Volterra what information was required to calculate the change in population size of the prey over time

how efficient the predator was in capturing the prey

based on the image below, match the # with the letter for each textbox 1. is representive of ___ 2. ___ 3 ____ 4 ___ E _____

D C A B joint equilibrium

Reduction in virulence of myxomatosis in rabbits in Australia in the second outbreak was a result of

coevolution

Lotka-Volterra Models of predator-prey interactions show that

predator populations lag behind prey populations

which of the following strategies do schistomes use to circumvent the hosts immune system

produce a protective layer around their bodies that prevents them from being detected by host immune system

According to Lotka-Volterra what information was required to calculate the change in population size of the predator over time

efficency rate of converting prey consumed into predator offspring

based on the image below, predators exhibit a _____ functional response

3