Abnormal Psychology 3082 Exam 1 Gros

Abnormal behavior

psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not typical of culturally expected

Impairment

symptoms of a psychological disorder that limits one or more major factors of life

Distress

painful mental and physical symptoms that are associated with normal fluctuations of mood in most people

Dysfunction

Abnormal, cognitive, emotions, or behavioral functioning

Psychologist

trained in research and delivering treatment

Psychiatrist

medical degree, diagnose, emphasize drugs and other biological treatments.

Social worker

deal with family situation of those with psychological disorders and concentrate on family problems

Presenting problem

symptoms, reason for patient making an appointment

Discrimination

distinguish between clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience

Incidence

# of cases over a period of time (i.e. per year)

Prevalence

# of people in a population that have the disorder

Onset

The age at which symptoms of a disorder or disease begin to appear. acute (suddenly) or insidious (gradual)

Course

episodic (episodes), time-limited, chronic

Etiology

The cause/progress of a disease or disorder. Triggers the development of psychopathology

Prognosis

The likely outlook or course of a disease. Good means good chance of treatment success. Guarded means not having enough info to say what the outcome will be

Freud

had theories of unconscious conflict, catharsis, id, superego, ego (structure of the mind)

Psychoanalytical theory

the role of the unconscious drives, such as related to sex and power as well as the important of early life experience

Defense mechanisms

Protect us from being conscious or aware of a thought or feeling that we cannot tolerate, so you express this unconscious thought indirectly in a disguised form. The ego's attempt to manage id/superego conflict

Displacement

You redirect emotions from one person or thing to another (kicking squirrel because you're mad at school)

Reaction formation

You turn your feelings into the opposite because it's more acceptable (fake it till you make it)

Projection

You think someone else has your thoughts or feelings (wife who has feelings for male-coworker gets jealous over husband mentioning female co-worker)

Sublimate

You redirect emotions into something productive (I am going to write a poem about anger. Workout, clean, and healthy stuff)

Oral

pleasure from oral activities like sucking and tasting

Anal

ability to control bladder and bowels. Potty training

Phallic

boys more attached to their moms, girls more attached to their dads

Latency

acquiring skills and interacting with same sex peers

Genital

attracted to opposite sex

Free association

talking freely without direction in hope you'll reveal your unconscious

Dream analysis

your dreams are an indication of what is going on in your subconscious

Dix

mental hygiene movement

Galen

biological tradition

Humoral theory

there are bodily fluids called "humors" that control chemical balances in the body. too much black bile = depression

Kraepelin

this person believed in biological tradition. believed that Psychological disorders are basically biological disturbances and have a unique age of onset, symptoms, and causes

Kraeplin

First to identify schizophrenia

Operant conditioning

people learning to repeat or decrease behaviors based on the consequences

Positive reinforcement

when learner is GIVEN something when behavior occurs

Negative reinforcement

when learner has something TAKEN when behavior occurs

Skinner

behavioral therapy through operant conditioning

Pinel

patients should not be restrained.

Id

illogical, emotional, impulsive "I need to now" (devil on shoulder)

Superego

morals "it's wrong", (angel on shoulder)

Ego

rational, logic, reality "chill out we got this" (solves conflict between ID and Superego)

Conscious

aware. What we know

Preconscious

almost aware

Unconscious

not aware

Classical conditioning

learning where a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response

Unconditioned Stimulus

stimulus that leads to an automatic response

Unconditioned Response

automatic response to stimuli

Conditioned Stimulus

eventually triggers a conditioned response

Conditioned Response

automatic response established by training

Supernatural

caused by demon possession, witchcraft etc...

Behavioral model

classical and operant conditioning

Biological

physical disease (Hippocrates)

Humoral theory

there are fluids called humors that control chemicals. ex: blood, phlegm, black and yellow bile

Galenic-Hippocratic functioning

related to having too much or too little key bodily fluids

Biopsychosocial model

Interaction between biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors

Dominant genes

always going to show up

Recessive genes

must be paired with another recessive gene to show

Diatheses-stress model

when someone has a genetic predisposition for a certain disorder and a stressor will trigger it .

Neuron

process everything from feelings, to movement, to behaviors. They communicate with each other through branches and trunks

Soma

cell body

Dendrites

branches that receive messages from other neurons

Axon

trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons

Axon terminals

buds at the end of axon from which chemical messages are sent

Synapses

small gaps that separate neurons

Serotonin

neurotransmitter related to mood. low = depressed

GABA

neurotransmitter related to behavior and emotion. low = anxiety

Norepinephrine

similar to adrenaline (fight or flight); fear, alarm reaction

Dopamine

pleasure seeking behaviors; Schizophrenia, Parkinson's and other behaviors and thought processes. high = schizophrenic behaviors

Reuptake

reabsorption by a neuron of a neurotransmitter following the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse

Agonist

increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects

Antagonist

inhibits or blocks the production of neurotransmitters or functions indirectly to prevent the chemical from reaching the next neuron by closing or occupying the receptors

inverse agonist

produce effects opposite to a given neurotransmitter. Psych drugs are usually either antagonists or agonists

Sympathetic nervous system

readies the body for the fight or flight.

Parasympathetic nervous system

control activities during rest or conservation of energy

Frontal lobe

thinking, reasoning, memory

Parietal lobe

this lobe is responsible for touch recognition

Occipital lobe

integrates visual input

Temporal lobe

sights, sounds, long term memory

Thalamus

relays sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness. EXCEPT SMELL

smell

which sense holds the strongest memory?

Mental Status Exam

systematic evaluation of psychological, biological, and sociostructural factors in a person suspected of having a mental disorder. Important because we need to: understand the person, predict behavior, plan treatment, evaluate treatment outcome.

Affect

cooperative, suspicious, guarded, polite, oppositional?

Mood

happy, irritable, elevated, depressed, euphoric?

Sensorium

reception and interpretation of stimuli. Clear or cloudy i.e. how alert is someone of who, what, where they are, date, time etc...

Hallucinations

auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory (smell), gustatory (taste)

Tactile hallucination

feeling like things are crawling on you; associated with meth, cocaine etc...

Olfactory hallucination

smelling things that arent there

Gustatory hallucination

tasting things that arent there like metallic taste (symptom mostly related to epilepsy)

Delusions

irrational strongly held beliefs that are out of touch with reality

Reliability

Consistency in measurement. Greater reliability = greater objective

Validity

Does the assessment measure what it's supposed to measure.

Standardization

ensures consistency in the use of a technique. Provides population benchmarks for comparison. Structured administration, scoring, and evaluation procedures

Projective test

Answers reveal inner psychological needs, feeling, experiences, thought processes, or other hidden aspects of the mind (unconscious conflicts). LOW reliability and validity

Objective tests

the subject's behavior is measured without him being aware in what ways his behavior is likely to affect the interpretation. true or false, yes/no, strongly agree—disagree

MMPI

asseses personality traits and psychopathology.

Thematic Apperception Test

you see a picture and tell a story about it

Categorical Approach

strict categories. You either have a disorder or don't. NO spectrum

Dimensional Approach

people have varying amounts of something like different levels of anxiety in social situations. Characteristics fall on a continuum.

Prototypical Approach

combination of the 2. Identifies essential features of a psychological disorder so it can be classified but allows for nonessential variations.

DSM IV

All disorders are influenced by both psychological and biological factors. Eliminated the previous distinction between psychological vs. organic mental disorders. Had axis system

DSM V

Does not use the axial system. Disorders are categorized under broad headings. Prototypic approach. 2 new disorders: separation anxiety and selective mutism

Anxiety

future oriented mood state

Fear

Fear or Anxiety? present oriented mood

Panic attacks

abrupt experience of intense fear

Panic disorders

an anxiety disorder in which individuals experience severe, unexpected panic attacks

Agoraphobia

fear and avoidance of situations in which a person feels unsafe or unable to escape to get home, or to a hospital etc...

Generalized anxiety Disorder

chronic level of tension even when there is no specific anxiety. Excessively anxious most of the time. Symptoms must be present for 6 months or more.

2:1

Females outnumber males by how much with diagnosed anxiety disorders

Exposure based treatment

directly confronting fear

social phobia

long term and over-whelming fear of social situations

Separation anxiety disorder

unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to self or loved ones when apart

Selective Mutism

refusal to talk despite having the ability to. They are NOT being defiant

Cognitive behavioral therapy. Relaxation, challenging catastrophic thinking, meditation. Pharmaceuticals: Benzodiazapines and antidepressants

Treatments for Generalized anxiety disorder?

Cognitive therapy combined with purposefully retriggering panic sensations to build tolerance.

Treatments for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia?

CBT, CBGgroupT, Pharmaceuticals: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Treatments for Social anxiety disorder?

Cognitive behavioral therapies and exposure therapy

Treaments for Specific phobias?

Cognitive behavioral therapies

Treatments for Selective mutism?

Psychotherapy, "talk therapy"; sometimes meditation

Treatments for Separation anxiety disorder

Rationalization

You come up with various explanations to justify the situation (he's only so mean and critical to make us better)