Chapter 1: Language of A&P

a/an-

without

acro-

extremities

brady-

slow

dys-

difficult, painful

endo-

within

hyper-

above normal

hypo-

below normal

macro-

large

peri-

around

tachy-

fast

epi-

upon or over

abdomino

abdomen

angio

vessel

arthro

joint

cardio

heart

cyano

blue

cyto

cell

dermo

skin

erythro

red

gastro

stomach

glyco

liver

histo

tissue

leuko

white

mammo

breast

nephro

kidney

neuro

nerve

osteo

bone

phagia

to swallow

patho

disease

rhino

nose

cephalo

head

chole

gall bladder

-algia

pain

-cyte

cell

-ectomy

surgical removal

-gram

recorded record

-graphy

to record

-ist

one who specializes

-ologist

one who studies and specializes

-itis

inflammation

-logy

study of

-sis

condition or disease

-otomy

cutting into

-megaly

enlargement

-pathy

disease

-plasty

surgical repair

-penia

decrease or lack of

micro-

small

Right Hypochondriac

1

Epigastric

2

Left Hypgastric

3

Right Lumbar

4

Umbilical

5

Left Lumbar

6

Right Iliac

7

Hypogastric

8

Left Iliac

9

Integumentary System

the skin and its appendages. It protects, eliminates waste, and helps regulate body temperature.

Skelatal System

Made up of bones, joints, and cartalidges. Used to support the body, protect organs, and produces blood cells

Muscular System

Pumps the heart, helps move materials through the digestive tract, anf moves the body. Made up of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles

Nervous System

the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells. Includes Brain, Spinal Cord, & Nerves

Endocrine System

the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity. Includes hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries (F), and testis (M)

Respatory System

Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood. Made up of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, broncheus, and lungs

Cardiovascular System

Transports oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells and remove waste product. Made up of the heart and blood vessels

Lymphatic System

Returns body fluids to the blood stream. Made up of lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic vessels

Digestive System

Breaks down food for absorbtion of nutrients in the body. Made up of oral cavity, esophogus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

Urinary System

Removes nitrogen-containing waste from blood. Made up of kidneys, ureter, urinary blatter, and urethra

Male Reproductive System

Enables production of offspring. Made up of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, ductus deferens, penis, testis, and scrotum

Female Reproductive System

Enables production of offspring. Made up of mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, and vagina

Organ System

includes 2+ organs that work together

Tissues

are made up of similar cells with a common function

Molecules

atoms combine together in different ways to form larger particles called

Organ

is a body part organized to perform a specific function and is composed of at least two different types of tissues.

Homeostasis

is the state of regulated physiological balance

Homeostatic Mechanisms

Organ systems cooperate to maintain homeostasis through a process called

Negative Feedback

is a mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range and restores homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

further increases a condition that has exceeded normal homeostatic range.

Homeostatic Imbalance

is a condition in which there is a decreased ability for the organ systems to maintain the body's internal environment within normal range.

Metabolism

relates to all chemical reactions within an organism to maintain life

Receptor

is a transmitter that senses environmental changes

Effector

is the unit that recieves a command stimulus from the control center and causes an action to help maintain homeostasis

Atom

is a tiny particle of matter

Metabolic Rate

is the speed at which your body consumes energy

Control Center

recieves and analyzes information from sensory receptors, then sends a command stimulus to an effector to maintain homeostasis

Abdominal Cavity

contains the stomach, liver, and other parts of the digestive tract

Nasal Cavity

is situated inside the nose

Spinal Cavity

surrounds and houses the spinal cord

Anterior Body

is a continuous internal opening that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Anatomy

is the study of the form or structure of all living things, including plants and animals

Saggital Plane

Invisible vertical line that divide sthe body into right and left halves

Middle Ear Cavities

are found in the skull and act as chambers for transmitting and amplifying sound

Cranial Cavity

the opening inside the skull that holds the brain

Anatomical Position

When someone is standing erect with arms at the sides and palms facing forward

Frontal Plane

is an invisible vertical line that splits the body into front and back halves

Abdominopelvic Cavity

is where the abdominal and pelvic cavities are found

Transverse Plane

an invisible horizontal line that splits thye body into top and bottom halves

Pelvic Cavity

an internal opening that holds reproductive and excretory organs

Thoracic Cavity

contains the heart and lungs among other organs

Cavity

is an open chamber that holds the internal organs of a body

Posterior Body

located near the back of the body and is a continuous internal body opening that includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Oral Cavity

is the opening within the mouth

Disease

anything that upsets the normal structure or function

Signs

Objective indicators of illness or injury

Symptoms

Subjective indicators of illness or injury

Syndrome

Specific group of signs and and symptoms

Diagnosis

Identification of a disease

Pathology

study of disease

Etiology

Cause of the disease

Prognosis

predicted outcome

Superior

Close to head

Cranial

Synonym for Superior

Inferior

Away from head

Caudal

Synonym for inferior

Anterior

Front

Ventral

synonym for anterior

Posterior

Back

Dorsal

synonym for Posterior

Medial

Towards midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Proximal

Closer to trunk

Distal

Away from trunk

Superficial

Towards the surface of the body

Deep

Away from the surface of the body

Antecubital

bend of arm

Axillary

armpit

brachal

upper arm

buccal

cheek

cervical

neck

digital

finger/toe

lumbar

lower back

oral

mouth

pubic

genital region

orbital

eyes

pateller

knees

pedal

feet

sternal

sternum

nasal

nose

femoral

thigh

antebrachial

wrist

plantar

sole of foot

glutial

buttocks

Prone

position where the patient is on their stomach with their neck turned

Supine

position where patient is lying on their back

Semi-Fowlers or High-Fowlers

patient's head is raised 45-90 degrees and has a bend in their knees