Modern Unconscious Exam 2

physical to the psychological

Exaptation or reuse of pre-existing concepts and structures Pre-existing → innate (evolved) or result of early learning Basic substrate likely to concern reliable aspects of the physical world and also basic evolved motives such as survival and reproduction Abstract social and psychological concepts influence how we behave

Gollwitzer

extended idea of physical influences on psychological processes Dislike of broken patterns predicts greater moral condemnation and punishment of harm and purity violations In children and adults, dislike of broken patterns - things out of order - is correlated with measures of racism and prejudice

Hills, Gladstone

- participants play a game in which they search for treasure, food, gold, etc. - arguing that our modern skills of foraging through our minds (finding old memories) is analogous of our previous ability to forage IRL - after playing physical searching game, participants faster at searching for memories

Tylenol cures breakups

Reduced amount of physical pain that people experienced

Physical and moral cleansing

When you wash your hands or use purell, it cleans you physically but also causes moral cleansing → washes away guilt

Lee & Schwarz

washing your hands also washes away temporary states - washing your hands temporarily separates states - athletes not wanting to clean their uniforms or shave when they've been on a winning streak - don't want to change/separate the state of good luck

Chapman et al 2009

- disgust - same EMG facial muscles respond to physical disgusting stimuli and moral disgusting behavior

Lady macbeth effect

Washing away your sins" Study 1 Participants asked to imagine themselves committing various moral transgressions or not Given choice of a gift - hand wipes or candy bar. Those who had imagined moral transgressions were more likely to choose hand wipes Study 2 Hand copied a short story with moral transgression (sabotage coworker) or not; rated several products → higher ratings for cleansing products (dove soap and windex rated higher than batteries or snicker bars) Study 3 - strongest demonstration bc it causes you to look in Remember something you've done that's morally wrong Then induced to wash hands or not Then asked if they would help a desperate grad student by being in her study next 74% in not-cleanses condition said YES; only 41% in cleansed condition agreed to help

Schnall et al 2008

sentences are worse when jury is in a dirty jury room

Solomon Asch: warm & cold

- warm and cold are central traits - changes how other characteristics relate to each other (e.g. "sensitive & wam" is very different than "sensitive & cold" - would give participants characteristics of a person and only switch "warm" & "cold" and this majorly impacted liking of that person - "warm" vs. "cold" is most important thing in impression formation

Glick

Bargh replicated Asch's study in 2008

temp priming and personality and impressions Read about person with 6 traits (did not say warm or cold at all) Then on way up elevator, one group help cold coffee and one group held hot coffee (brief experience) Get same result as Asch got Physical experience activated psychological experience of warm and cold

Ijzerman et al 2012

- children at day care hold hot or cold thermos - those primed with warmth shared more stickers with other children - only occurred in securely attached children

Dante

The ninth level of hell → lowest level, where satan is Satan frozen in ice Punishment that matches the action Treachery; Betrayed trust of close others = action People are freezing cold = Physical punishment

Zhong & Leonardelli

after rejection experience, greater preference for warm foods

Ijzerman & Semin (2008)

- after rejection experience, participants estimate room temperature as colder - after inclusion experience, participants estimate room temperature as warmer

Fetterman

Daily diary study - reports of feeling warm or cold during the day are related to how many positive prosocial versus negative antisocial behaviors the person performed

Descartes

1620, made a distinction between mind and body

Jean Mandler

early spatial and physical concepts are the scaffold on which language acquisition is based Psychological concepts based on physical analogies infants can analyze and compare externally available information - formation of spatial concepts, no access to internal states, later internal psychological states are understood using available physical concepts in analogical fashion Kids can't compare or tie together experiences until 3 or 4 years old The earliest direct concepts: spatial and other directly-experienced physical concepts are the earliest concepts formed by the infant

Lewin, 1944

Spatial concepts: distance "psychological distance", emotional, relationships, temporal (how far something is in time) Distance is very important for survival (accessibility to resources, predator proximity)

Trope and Liberman 2014

Physiological distance: different aspects/manifestations of distance swap - if something happens far away from you it is also emotionally far from you We don't weigh something in the future as much as we do things right now

Schubert 2005

Your Highness": looking up to someone vs. looking down, high vs low status Powerful: boss, judge, chancellor Powerless: secretary, prisoner, child ^People are faster to respond to powerful words than powerless words

Nelson and Simmons 2007:

people are more likely to travel south to buy a sale item than to travel north (easier to go down than up) Spatial considerations impacting our decisions

Ackerman, Nocera, Bargh 2010

Heavy=serious, hard=rigid, difficult, rough=effortful, smooth=fluent,easy Hard vs. soft cushioned chair experiment: more likely to compromise if in a soft chair, less likely if in hard chair "Soft on crime" fmri study: feeling something hard vs soft activates somatosensory cortex Judging crimes and how punishment should be given More lenient after feeling something soft than hard Rough vs smooth: rough difficult smooth more fluid Correlations between primary somatosensory cortex activation and the extremity of non-smooth judgments

Meier, Robinson, and colleagues

Physical and social sweetness: eating sweet foods related to prosocial behaviors (helpfulness, smiling, pleasantness) Tasting something sweet increased self reports of helpfulness and agreeableness People do more helpful and prosocial things when eating sweet foods

Stepper and Strack 1993

Postural feedback: slouching or upright posture during test, slouchers feel less proud upon learning they'd succeeded on a test Sitting up straight makes one morally upright, harder working, more diligent From body to emotion

Chen and Bargh 1999

Evaluation and muscular readiness: positive evaluation produces approach muscular tendency, negative evaluation produces avoidance/withdrawal muscular tendency

Strack 1988

holding pen in teeth or lips, smile induced with teeth, frown with lips Cartoons funnier holding pen in teeth

Lakoff and Johsnon 1980

Metaphorical thought: we think and communicate easily in terms of analogies Abstract terms are metaphorically related to basic physical terms

Barsalous 1996:

- embodied cognition (body state is also encoded into memory) - participants in unfurnished room. told to come up with types of flying birds/flying machines or types of flowers - came up with more flying things when looking up - came up with more flower types when looking down

Akpinar and Berger 2015

Phrases and concepts that contain physical experiences are much more likely to catch on in popular usage than other forms of description Memes spread like viruses; more easily convey their meanings to others

Genetic

general motives(survival reproduction)

Epigenetic

very early life experience

Cultural

local knowledge and rules

Learning

even more fine-tuned guides, given local circumstances Take any child anywhere and they will absorb that language and culture as if it was their own Children are VERY adaptive in early life Evolutionary influences

Infantile amnesia

not remembering things from your childhood that definitely happen Lost shared experiences with their parents as growing up Losing memories

(Jeff Simpson and colleagues

Attachment at age 1 Social abilities in grade school Number of friends in high school How long their relationships last in their 20s How attached is a child to their parents? Find out how: how does a child act when the parent leaves the room? Does the child think the parent will come back? The more securely attached kids had more friends in high school Less securely attached had less social abilities, fewer friends in high school, and had shorter relationships that did not lose YOU DON'T HAVE MEMORY OF ATTACHMENT PROBLEMS AS A CHILD (EXPLICIT) YOU DO HAVE MEMORY OF HOW CERTAIN THINGS MAKE YOU FEEL (IMPLICIT) Act upon these feelings when grown up even though not explicitly aware of the problem

marshmallows and pretzel sticks test

Measure the time until the kids take the food The longer they could wait when they were 4, the better grades they had in high school, the lower the chances of teenage pregnancy and drug abuse, the lower the rates of arrest, the greater their income at age 30, the lower the divorce rate MOST IMPORTANT- kids have no access to this in their memory, they act upon what they know implicitly

Block and Block

fearful four-year-old children more likely to report conservative attitudes at age 23

Dunham at el 2008

How do stereotypes and intergroup biases develop? New model: there exist tendencies at birth to favor one's ingroup and distrust outgroups - also children soak up cultural views about social groups at very early ages such as three months. Soaking up cultural influences

Gilbert 1993

the assent of man - believe what we hear and only make corrections if we really think about it consciously - only correct if we have time, ability, motivation, etc. - we are inclined to believe what we hear/ready

Stereotype Threat

Activating or making group identity salient has an effect on person's motivation and performance Most of us who don't have those stereotype efforts will→ try harder

Ambady Shih Pittinsky

5 and 10-year-olds I. boys and girls, Asian-American and euro-American II. manipulation: made either gender or ethnicity silent through simple drawings of two children playing together III. independent measure: performance on age appropriate math quiz If you emphasize their identity with culture than they perform better If you emphasize their identity with gender, they perform worse

Fredrickson et al 1998

Sex roles, social norms and expectancies University of michigan undergrads Rate 3 consumer products - unisex fragrance, clothing and food item - includes trying on swimsuit or sweater and looking at self in the mirror Woman who tried on swimsuit did worse onIQ test, Woman who tried on sweater did better

Weisbuch, Ambady et al 2009

stereotypic/racist nonverbal reactions on most popular tv shows Shows that were trying to be racially equal, would give racial bias reactions and kids would see it through the tv (UNCONSCIOUS BIAS) The tv shows unknowingly influenced and changed your racism without one even knowing

Martin gilens, yale political scientist (2001 article

Major network evening news broadcasts over 15 years Main US news magazines stories over 15 years Results: poverty in america stories: 65% blacks in video or photographs, but only 29% of poor population ⅔ times when talking about poverty would show black people even though only ⅓ of the homeless population was black. STEREOTYPES PEOPLE TO THINKING MOST HOMELESS PEOPLE ARE BLACK

Payne et al 2017

Map with slave popoulation concentration from past, lines up with map of todays areas with highest racism scores Cultural effects are there and long lasting Gets in the heads of kids at a young age when they do not know what is right or wrong Results in them being unknowingly racist

Uhlmann poehlman and bargh 2008

A minimum wage dishwasher who wins the lottery Continues to work at his job afterwards Protestant drives capitalism Outside of US if win lottery and still work dishwasher they'd think you're nuts

The puritan Ethic (Uhlmann et al 2011

Founding puritan ethic for austerity and denial of pleasure Against promiscuity and for self denial and control Second generation asian americans possess both asian and american identities

Misattribution of arousal (Zillman and Bryant

Excitation transfer theory Arousal carries over to other activities Right after exercising on a bike = awareness of arousal and awareness of its source = no effect 10 minutes afterwards = no arousal, no awareness of arousal = no effect 5 minutes afterwards = arousal still present No awareness of arousal = EFFECT

Dutton and Aron 1974

crossing bridge, meet woman, she givers number, more calls from those who were on the unsafe bridge

Schwarz and Clore 1983

How's the weather down there?" People are less satisfied with their life if they are asked on a rainy dark day vs a sunny bright day Weather carries over into your feelings

Hirshleifer and Shumway 2003

WEATHER INFLUENCES STOCK MARKETS

Amir & Ariely: cheating and the 10 commandments

- participants recall as many of the 10 commandments as they could - then were given a matrix of numbers "some of these numbers add up to 10" - self report: participants asked how many they got right in 4 minutes. get paid for number correct. test would immediately be thrown away - or hand in - repeating the 10 commandments people didn't cheat

Foulk et al 2015

Contagious rudeness in the workplace Witnessed rude or polite behavior of one employee to another after being asked to take a weekend shift The perception behavior link: Principle of ideomotor action (W. James) Mimicry, imitation, vicarious learning Mirror neurons and premotor cortex Ideomotor theory: perceiving another's actions make it more likely you will do the same thing because of shared representations for the same type of

The perception-action link:

animals in groups: fish, antelope, etc. Copying behaviors of those around you/mimicry Infants show mimicry at very young age supporting its hard wired nature Andrew Meltzoff shows this w/ infants mimicking his face

Charles and Bargh 1999

Chameleon effect: nonconscious behavioral mimicry Rubbing face and shaking foot Imitation increases the other participants rating of the interaction going more smoothly People who are more empathic also found to imitate more than non empathic individuals

Fowler and Christakis (2010)

Contagion spread of cooperative behavior through 3 degrees of separation in experimental studies of social networks If you know someone who knows someone who knows someone who is obese, you are more likley to be obese Same for depressed and happy etc. Be more careful about who you allow to be your friends, connecting yourself to a network increases the likelihood you will be the same way Knowing one lonely person increases your risk to be lonely by 40%

Kramer et al 2014, Facebook study

Changing news feed changed users mood and positivity/negativity of their own posts

Jacob et al 2011

sales people told to repeat back as much as possible of what customer is saying - sold more products - increased customer satisfaction

Wiltermuth & Heath 2009

Synchrony and cooperation Mere rhythmic synchrony produced 'group like' bonds between strangers The longer couples have been together, the more they start to look like each other Naturally mimicking the other person Same lines in face develop

Mark Frank, U. Buffalo

Facilitating bonding through imitation and mimicry increased information attained and also the quality of the information What we see is what we do

Harris, Bargh, Brownell 2009

Food ads prime eating behavior Children and adults viewed five min tv comedy show clip Embedded were food ads (snack and healthy) or control ads Bowl of goldfish snack crackers available Those exposed to food ads ate 45% more of the snack crackers while watching the TV show Alcohol ads and teenage drinking (Naimi et al 2016) National sample over 1000 underage teenagers Among kids who are having at least one drink of alc in a month The amount of alc ads seen had a huge effect on the amount of alc consumed

Contagion and Conformity

But we perceive more than just the physical behaviors of people We also perceive situations that have certain kinds of behaviors associated with them

Langer et al 1977

: Situational scripts Mindlessness and not paying attention When out of order not sure what happens next People can be fooled by people going according to a script Different situations call for different reactions

Roger Barker

"Midwest City" LOCATION IS THE BIGGEST DETERMINANT FOR BEHAVIOR VARIATION

Aarts and Dijksterhuis 2001

The silence of the library Students taking a note to either the library or the cafeteria Along the way they are quieter and talk more softly in the hallways, if they are on their way to the library compared to the cafeteria Even if you're not physically there, the norms of a location can influence you

Berger et al 2008

Priming contextual influences on voting behavior Schools = more support for education Church = voting in line with religious/church positions Contextual priming influences important real world decisions

Cohn Fehr and Marechal 2014

Situated Identities: What causes IB to cheat or lie or make bad decisions? Primed investment bankers' identity or not Competitive atmosphere in the company is what causes IB to act irrationally Contacted a group of IB on a Saturday Flip a coin 20 times, however many times coin lands on heads you get paid Thinking about an environment affects your decision making

Dissociations between Will and Action

Frontal lobe damage Executive control structures "Environmental dependency syndrome" Everyone has ideas coming from the outside causing us to behave

Keizer et al 2008

The spreading of disorder: Contagious anti-social behavior Broken windows theory Graffiti condition and non-graffiti condition, with no graffiti = less litter from the paper on bike With graffiti = more litter from paper left on bike When sign that said the number of fatalities on roadways was active, there was a 21% higher increase in wrecks within 10 miles after the sign

Robert Cialdini

norms National park signs and social obedience Three versus one thief (of redwood bark) Different signs with the number of thieves on sign Less thieves = less bark taken More thieves on sign = more bark taken Must we always do what others are doing? Passive contagion influences are overridden by current purposes Motivations and goals dominate other influences when they conflict

Macrae and Johnston 1998

Priming helping did increase helping Except when it conflicted with an important goal

Chartrand, Maddux, and Lakin 2005: in-group and mimicry

more likely to mimic behaviors of others if they are similar to you (race, religion, gender, etc.) - in group

Leander et al. 2013

imitation by in-group members: feel that room is warmer - imitation by outgrip members: feel that room is colder - if person you like smiles at you it makes you feel warm and fuzzy, but if your enemy smiles at you it feels dangerous and cold

Faces

people used to think you could tell a person's personality by their face

Willis & Todorov 2006

Trait judgments of faces presented for 100 ms made no difference to no time constraints How attractive, likable, trustworthy Same judgements for 100, 500, 1000 ms

Ballew & Todorov 2007

Fiske 2007 "Friend or Foe":

Universals in impressions of others Warm or cold or trustworthiness: first assessment Competence: second assessment Both made lightning fast based on faces alone Power of first impressions

Olivola & Todorov 2010

Faces are not diagnostic of the traits we immediately perceive in them

Darwin 1872

the expression of emotions in animals and man Mistaking current faces as long term Emotional expressions are immediate and involuntary communication to others about the current situation

Zebrowitz & Montepare

We overgeneralize the automatic inferences we make from faces, placing too much confidence in them and acting on them as if they were strongly diagnostic Babyfaceness: more likely to be found innocent in trial Attractive people have less sentences Symmetric faces more attractive Averaging faces produces more attractive faces Probably is cue to disease and health status

Slater 2001

newborns look longer at attractive vs unattractive faces Viewing attractive opposite sex faces naturally activates reward centers of the brain Halo effect: people who are more attractive tend to be rates more positively

Busetta 2013

More attractive people called back for interviews Ingroup outgroup effects: biased against other groups

Kelly

Greenwald, Banaji, Nosek

negative or positive affect automatically associated with social category Becomes active immediately and automatically to influence responses without intention and despite attempts to control it (Uncontrollable, unintentional)

Donn Byrne

manipulated similarity of attitude and value surveys People like the other person more to the extent their values and attitudes overlap In group membership also signals shared goals and values Implicit egotism: the tendency to prefer people, places, or things

Pelham and Carvallo

Positive feelings about self spill over to objects, events, people, outcomes, etc. George more likely to move to Georgia Ken and Kenneth to Kentucky Louis to Louisiana Virgil to Virginia More likely to marry people with the same birthday