Anatomy and Physiology1- Chapter 7

What are the 3 groups of bones

Cartilage

Ligaments

Tendons

What is cartilage

tough flexible tissue that lines joints

What are ligaments

hold bones together at joints

What are tendons

attach muscle to bones

Functions of skeletal system

support

protection

movement

electrolyte balance

acid-base balance

blood formation

bone

a type of connective tissue with a matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals

4 types of bone

flat

long

short

irregular

flat bones

thin curved plates, protects soft organs

examples: skull and rib bones

long bones

longer than wide, crucial for movement

examples: bones in lower limbs, bones in upper limbs

short bones

equal in width and length, glide across one another in multiple directions

examples: carpal bones in wrists, tarsal bones in ankles

irregular bones

bones that don’t fit into any of the other categories

examples: sacrum, verterbrae, coccyx

compact bone

dense outer shell of bone

spongey (cancellous) bone

loosely organized bone tissue; space in between bone

long bone

long bones are the bones that help you grow taller

diaphysis

middle shaft of bone that provides leverage

medullary (marrow) cavity

space in diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow

epiphysis

enlarged ends of a bone, stregthen joint and anchor ligaments and tendons

articular cartilage

smooth, white cartilage that covers the ends of bone

nutrient foramina

tiny holes in bone surface that allow blood vessels to penetrate

periosteum

covers the outer surface of a bone everywhere except the joints

endosteum

a membrane lining the inner surface of the body wall

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

a thin plate of cartilage where the growth of long bone occurs

epiphyseal line

a scar in adults that marks where the growth plate used to be

4 main type of blood cells

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

osteogenic cells

stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum; multiply continuously and give rise to most other bone cells

osteoblasts

these are bone forming cells, they lay down the matrix and eventually become calcified; hardened by mineral deposition

osteocytes

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the hardened matrix it previously deposited

where do osteocytes reside

lacunae

osteoclasts

bone dissolving cells found on the surface, breaks down the bone for remodeling

what is spongey bone filled with

red bone marrow

spongey bone provides ____ with minimal _____

strength; weight

bone marrow

soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongey bone

red bone marrow

contains hemopoietic tissue that produce red blood cells

yellow bone marrow

found in adults and does NOT produce blood cells, can transform back to red bone marrow if body needs it

ossification/osteogenesis

formation of a bone

what are the 2 types of ossification

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

intramembranous ossification

produce flat bones in the skull, thickens long bones throughout life

endochondral ossification

starts off with cartilage, is replace with cartilage as the person grows, bones stop growing early 20’s

2 types of dwarfism

achondroplastic dwarfism

pituitary dwarfism

achondroplastic dwarfism

regular size torso with shorter limbs

pituitary dwarfism

kid-like structure

bone remodeling

occurs throughout life happens to 10% of skeleton each year

wolff’s law of bone

the idea that naturally healthy bones will adapt and change to adapt to the stress that it is subjected to

reasons for bone remodeling

fractures, strain, electrolyte imbalance, etc.