Biology Chapter 7.2

Location of the nucleus

Found in eukaryotic cells only.

Function/description of the nucleus

- Controls cell processes. - Stores DNA. - Makes codes for new proteins.

Location of the nuclear envelope

Surrounds the nucleus.

Function/description of the nuclear envelope

- Double membrane layer. - Pores allow material to move in and out of the nucleus.

Location of chromatin

Inside the nucleus; NOT the same as chromosomes.

Function/description of chromatin

- String of DNA. - Condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

Location of chromosomes

Nucleus (seen during cell division); NOT the same as chromatin.

Function/description of chromosomes

- Condensed chromatin/compacted DNA. - Pass genetic info on to following generations.

Location of the nucleolus

Inside the nucleus.

Function/description of the nucleolus

- Dark spherical mass. - Assembles ribosomes.

Location of cytoplasm

Between the cell membrane and the nucleus, appears in all types of cells.

Function/description of cytoplasm

- Gel-like substance. - Holds organelles. - Transports materials for cell activities.

Location of the cytoskeleton

Throughout the cell, from the nucleus to the membrane; appears in all types of cells.

Function/description of the cytoskeleton

- Made up of protein filaments. - Maintain cell shape and support. - Cell movement through flagella or cilia.

What are the protein filaments of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules (cell support) and microfilaments (cell division/movement).

Location of cilia/flagella

Extend out of the cell; appear in all types of cells.

Function/description of cilia

Many short, hair-like projections; aid in cell movement.

Function/description of flagella

One or two, long, whip-like structures; aid in cell movement.

Location of centrioles

Outside the nuclear envelope in animal cells only.

Function/description of centrioles

Help separate chromosomes during cell division.

Location of the rough ER/smooth ER

Outside nuclear envelope; only appear in plant and animal (eukaryotic) cells.

Function/description of the rough ER

- Ribosomes. - Transports materials. - Makes proteins.

Function/description of the smooth ER

- No ribosomes. - Makes lipids.

Location of ribosomes

Nucleus, cytoplasm, and rough ER; appear in all types of cells.

Function/description of ribosomes

Produce proteins based on instructions that come from DNA.

Location of the golgi apparatus

Near smooth/rough ER and nucleus; only appears in plant and animal (eukaryotic) cells.

Function/description of the golgi apparatus

- Further packages/modifies proteins after ER. - Then sends proteins outside of the cell or to other organelles (final destinations).

Location of lysosomes

Cytoplasm; appear in animal cells only.

Function/description of lysosomes

- Contain enzymes that break down food into nutrients. - Also the "cell cleaner" because they break down old organelles.

Location of central vacuole

Found in the cytoplasm of plant cells only.

Function/description of central vacuole

- Single, large, sac-like structure. - Stores water and nutrients. - Pressure in plant vacuole aids in support of the plant cell (lack of water causes wilting).

Location of small vacuoles (the ones that come in multiples)

Multiple are found in the cytoplasm of animal and protist cells.

Function/description of small vacuoles (the ones that come in multiples)

- Small, sac-like structures. - Stores nutrients. - Removes excess water from the cell (contractile vacuole).

Location of chloroplasts

Cytoplasm of plant cells, as well as some protists and bacteria.

Function/description of chloroplasts

Photosynthesis; uses energy from sunlight to make glucose.

Location of the mitochondria

Cytoplasm of all types of cells; most numerous in muscle cells.

Function/description of the mitochondria

- Responsible for cellular respiration (the process of ATP from glucose). - Also generates ATP.

Define ATP.

Cellular energy.

Location of the cell wall

Outermost boundary only in plant, bacteria, and fungi cells.

Function/description of the cell wall

- Support and protection. - Maintains cell shape.

Location of the cell membrane

Outer boundary; appears in all types of cells.

Function/description of the cell membrane

- Regulates what enters and exits (selectively/semipermeable). - Supports organelles. - Provides a barrier. - Has a lipid bilayer that contains proteins and carbs.