GENERAL BIOLOGY 11 SY 2022-23 1QRT

Robert Hooke

Discovered cells in 1665 after looking at the hollow, small compartments of a cork

Robert Hooke

initiated the formulation of the cell theory

Robert Hooke

Used a compound microscope to observe cork

1665

The year Hooke discovered cells

Cork

Has hollow, small compartments similar to cells. Observed by Hooke using a compound microscope.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

studied new approaches for creating lenses to observe cloth

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

discovered animalcules

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

one of the first scientists to refer to living cells

Animalcules

Term given by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek for single-celled organisms, now called microorganisms

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

father of microbiology

Matthias Schleiden

discovered that plants are made of cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch businessman and scientist

Matthias Schleiden

German botanist

Theodor Schwann

German physician and physiologist

Theodor Schwann

Discovered that all animals are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

Published the 1st statement of the cell theory

Rudolf Virchow

Stated the 2nd part of the cell theory

"All organisms are composed of one or more cells"

1st statement of the cell theory

"Cells are the smallest and basic units of structure and function in organisms"

2nd statement of the cell theory

"Cells arise from previously existing cells"

3rd statement of the cell theory

Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

The fundamental structural parts of cells

Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosome, Cytoskeleton, DNA

Common Parts of Cells

Organelles

means "little organs"

Organelles

Collective term for the structural parts of cells

Organelles

Tiny cellular organs that are specialized to perform functions necessary for normal cellular operations

DNA

the genetic instructions that cells need to make protein

Cell Membrane

also known as Plasma Membrane

Cell Membrane

a thin membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell

Cell Membrane

controls what enters or leaves the cell

Cell Membrane

allows communication between cells

Cell Membrane

is semipermeable

Semipermeable

another term for selective permeable

Semipermeable

the ability to allow certain molecules to pass through easier than others

Hydrophobic

can easily pass through the cell membrane

Hydrophilic

cannot pass through the cell membrane or at least needs help

Cell Membrane

physical boundary between the cell and its environment

Cell Membrane

the "skin" of the cell

Head

the part of the phospholipid molecule that is hydrophilic

Hydrophilic

means water loving

Phospholipid molecule

made up of a head and two tails

Phospholipids

makes up the cell membrane

Phospholipid bilayer

two layers of lipid molecules that form a barrier around the cell

Protein Channels

the tunnel in the Cell Membrane that export and import materials

Protein Molecule

part of the cell membrane that is responsible for receiving signals from other adjacent cells

Carbohydrate chains

serves as identification tags of cells

Cell Wall

a rigid layer of polysaccharides enclosing the membrane of plant and prokaryotic cells

Cell Wall

provides protection, structural support, and shape

Cell Wall

Prevents the plant cell from bursting when water enters the cell

polysaccharide and cellulose

makes up the cell wall in plants and algae

Chitin

makes up the cell wall in fungi

Peptidoglycan

makes up the cell wall in bacteria

Cytoplasm

the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism

Cytoplasm

fills the space between the nucleus and cell membrane

Cytoplasm

holds the cell organelles in place

Cytosol, organelles, and other cell materials inside the cell membrane except the nucleus

composes of the cytoplasm

Cell Structure for Protection Genetic Control Organelles Manufacturing, Storage, Distribution, & Breakdown Organelles Energy-Processing Organelles Organelles for Structural Support

Main Jobs of Organelles

Nucleus

storehouse of the genetic information in the from of DNA

Nucleus

control center of the cell

Nuclear Envelope

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nuclear Envelope

encloses the DNA

Two lipid bilayers (outer and inner membrane)

makes up the Nuclear Envelope

Nuclear pores

found in the outer member of the nuclear envelope

Nuclear pores

allow large molecules to pass and regulates the exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleolus

where ribosomes are made and assemble

Ribosome

build proteins polymers from amino acid monomers

Ribosome

made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Ribosome

beadlike organelles scattered in the cytoplasm

Ribosome

made in the nucleolus

large and small subunit

two subunits of a ribosome

Endoplasmic Reticulum

facilitate the manufacture of protein & lipids

Endoplasmic Reticulum

the cell's transport system

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Studded with ribosomes; makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

makes lipids, stores calcium ion, and drug detoxification; made up of tubules and vesicles

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

works with golgi apparatus to move new proteins to their proper destination after production

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

its membrane is continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear envelope

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

forms an interconnected network with RER

Golgi Apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages different substances for secretion out of the cell, or for use within the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Made up of vesicles that act as storage, secretory and mainly transport around the cell

Golgi apparatus

found close to the nucleus; described as stacked pancakes

Centrioles

help coordinate cell division through forming spindle fibers

Centrioles

cylinder-shaped; made up of nine triplets of microtubules

Vacuole

storage of materials, strengthens the cells, supports entire plant by making it erect

Lysosome

Digest food within cells

Lysosome

uses enzymes to break down damaged and worn out cell parts or to recycle cell components

Peroxisome

Break down complex molecules into smaller molecules and toxic substances in the cell

Peroxisome

contains oxidatice enzymes

Mitochondria

Cell's energy factory

Mitochondria

power house/plant of the cell

Mitochondria

uses energy from organic compounds to make ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP meaning

ATP

the cell's energy source

Mitochondria

bean shaped with two membranes: inner membrane and outer membrane

Chloroplast

captures light/solar energy from the sun to use it with water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars for food

Chloroplast

carry out photosynthesis

Chloroplast

a flat disc with an intermembrane space and inner and outer phospholid

Thylakoid

sacs in the chloroplast membrane that look like flatten disk

Granum

stack of thylakoids

Stroma

liquid portion of the chloroplast

Cytoskeleton

provides shape and structure of the cell; holds organelles in place and enable cell movement

Cytoskeleton

a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence

Cytoskeleton

consists of filaments and tubules that crisscross the cytoplasm

Microtubule

Serves as anchorage for the membrane bound organelles and allow them to move around the cell

Intermediate Filaments

organize the structure of the cell by providing strength and holding organelles in place

Microfilament

provide protective meshwork under the plasma membrane

Cytoskeleton Centrioles

Organelles for Structural Support

Cell Membrane Cell Wall Cytoplasm

Cell Structure for Protection

Nucleus

Genetic Control Organelles

Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Vacuole Lysosome Peroxisome

Manufacturing, Storage, Distribution & Breakdown Organelles

Mitochondria Chloroplast

Energy-Processing Organelles

Robert Hooke

Discovered cells

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Two Main Types of Cells

Prokaryotes

translates to "before the nut"

Prokaryotes

single celled organism

Prokaryotic cells

First kind of cell to develop about 3.5 billion years ago

Prokaryotic Cells

less structure, simpler cells

Prokaryotic cells

cells with no nucleus

Prokaryotic cells

cells that do not have an internal membrane-bound organelles

bacteria Blue-green algae archaeans

major groups of prokaryotes

Bacteria

most common prokaryote

Bacteria

has a symbiotic realtionship with the human body

Appendages

the flimsy rope like structure surrounding the cell

communication transportation

uses of appendages

Appendages

Enable the bacteria to communicate information from cell-to-cell

Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Capsule Nucleoid Region Ribosome Plasmid

structures of bacterial cell

cell wall

organelle always present in a prokaryote

Capsule

organelle that acts as a protective layer; only found in some prokaryotes

Capsule

Made up of Polysaccharides lying outside the cell wall

Nucleoid Region

equivalent of a nucleus in a prokaryotic cell; stores the prokaryotic cell's genetic material in the form of DNA

Cytoplasm

organelle non-existent in prokaryotes making it a not organized cell

Plasmid

An independent circular DNA structure

Plasmid

an organelle unique to prokaryotic cells used by scientists for genetic cloning and manipulation

Flagella Fimbriae Conjugation Pilli

Appendages of Bacterial Cell

Flagellum

singular tense of Flagella

Flagella

tail-like, whip-like tail located at the end part of the bacterial cell

Flagella

allows locomotion or propel the bacteria

Fimbria

singular tense of fimbriae

Fimbria

smaller and bristle-like fibers that help bacteria to attach themselves

Conjugation Pilus

singular tense of Conjugation Pilli

Conjugation Pilli

tubular structure in a bacteria that function for cell-to-cell communication

Conjugation Pilli

Allows DNA to pass from one bacterium to the next

Conjugation Pilli

Important because some bacteria are very successful in developing drug resistance across bacterial generations

Cocci or Coccus Bacilli or Bacillus Spiral-Shaped

Shapes of Bacteria

Cocci or Coccus

Spherical Bacteria

Bacilli or Bacillus

rod-shaped bacteria

Cocci or Coccus

(identify the shape of bacteria) streptococcus pneumonia

Cocci or Coccus

(identify the shape of bacteria) Streptococcus pyogenes

Cocci or Coccus

(identify the shape of bacteria) Micrococcus luteus

Cocci or Coccus

(identify the shape of bacteria) Staphylococcus aureus

Bacilli or Bacillus

(identify the shape of bacteria) bacillus anthracis

Bacilli or Bacillus

(identify the shape of bacteria) salmonella enterica

Bacilli or Bacillus

(identify the shape of bacteria) clostridium botulinum

Spiral-shaped

(identify the shape of bacteria) vibrio cholera

Spiral-shaped

(identify the shape of bacteria) helicobacter pylori

Spiral-shaped

(identify the shape of bacteria) treponema pallidum

Eukaryotes

unicellular or multicellular organisms

Eukaryotes

means true to nut

Eukaryotic cells

cells that contain a nucleus

Eukaryotes

organisms that contain eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

larger, complex, highly organized cells

Eukaryotic cells

cells that have membrane bound compartments and organelles

Fungi Animals Plants Protists

higher forms of organisms or major groups of eukaryotes

size complexity organization presence of some organelles structure presence of nucleus sexual reproduction

some differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

asexually through binary fission

sexual reproduction of prokaryotic cells

asexually through mitosis or sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion

sexual reproduction of eukaryotic cells

Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue

four primary types of tissue

Homeostasis

common goal of all cells

Homeostasis

process of maintenance and regulation of our bodies to provide stability and consistence within our internal environment while dealing with external changes

Cells

Metabolize, grow and develop, respond to stimulus, adapt to their environment and reproduce

Atom Molecule Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organism

units of life from smallest to large

Cells

basic unit of life

Cells

composed of molecules

Atom

smallest unit of matter

atom

combines together to form molecules

Epithelial Tissue

tissue for linings, coverings, and glands

Epithelial Tissue

lines the inside and outside of the body providing us with cover and protection

Epithelial Tissue

commonly seen outside the body as covering or as linings of organs and cavities

Epithelial Tissue

characterized by closely-joined cells with tight junctions

Epithelial Tissue

tissue that serve as barrier for pathogens, mechanical injuries, and fluid loss

Epithelial Tissue

avascular tissues that receive nutrition from surrounding and underlying connective tissue

avascular

means that the tissue does not have a direct blood supply

epithelial tissue proper glandular epithelia

two groups of epithelial tissue

Epithelial Tissue proper

covers the external surface or lines the internal surface of most organs

covering epithelial

another term for epithelial tissue proper

epithelial tissue proper

found in epidermal epithelium in the skin and respiratory epithelium lining

glandular epithelia

forms our glands

secretory epithelia

another term for glandular epithelia

glandular epithelia

functions to produce and secrete various macromolecules into our bloodstream or directly into an epithelial surface by a duct

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

cells shapes of epithelium

Squamous

flattened or scale-like cells

Simple Squamous Epithelium

consists of a single very thin layer of flattened cells

Simple Squamous Epithelium

for exchange of material through diffusion

Simple Squamous Epithelium

creates a barrier that allow small substances to diffuse easily through it

Simple Squamous Epithelium

forms the lining of cavities

Simple Squamous Epithelium

found anywhere diffusion occurs

Simple Squamous Epithelium

found in the mouth

Simple Squamous Epithelium

found in the glomerulus of the blood vessels

Simple Squamous Epithelium

found in the outer layer of the skin

Simple Squamous Epithelium

found in the air sacs/alveoli of the lungs

Simple Squamous Epithelium

found in the capillaries

Simple Squamous Epithelium

___________________ lining the innermost layer of the artery wall

Squamous

identify the shape of the cell

Cuboidal

identify the shape of the cell

Columnar

identify the shape of the cell

Simple Squamous Epithelium

identify the type of cell

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

identify the type of cell

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

identify the type of cell

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

identify the type of cell

Simple Columnar Epithelium

identify the type of cell

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

identify the type of cell