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AP Psych sensation & perception

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Psychology

Biological Psychology

11th

70 Terms

😃 Not studied yet (70)

when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing stimuli to become neural signals in the brain

the process of converting outside physical stimuli into neural activity

physical proportion of change (%) necessary before we sense the change. Different for each sense.

the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time

the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present

when neural or sensory receptors change/reduce their sensitivity to a continuous unchanging stimuli

a pattern of decreased response to a stimulus after frequently repeated exposure

the detection (or lack thereof) of a faint stimulus: hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection. Influenced by the physical & psychological state of the individual (fearful, focused elsewhere, etc.)

groups of neurons in visual cortex respond to different types of visual images

the interpretation of senses

when the lens changes its shape to be thick or thin, enabling it to focus on objects that are close or far away

found everywhere except the fovea, these detect blacks, whites, and grays. Work best in low levels of light.

these detect colors & work best in bright light, Responsible for the sharpness of visual information. Found in fovea.

central area of the retina containing greatest density of photoreceptors

back of the eye, contains receptor cells (rods & cones), and then bipolar and ganglion cells.

changes shape to bring objects into focus on the retina (accomodation)

sends visual information to the brain (through the optic chiasm, to the visual cortex of occipital lobe).

where the optic nerve leaves the eye; there are no photoreceptors/receptor cells here.

on the retina, these cells' axons make up the optic nerve

iris opening that changes depending on the amount of light in the environment

controls the size of the pupil

3 types of cones for each color: red, blue, green.

explains after image. we see color in pairs, if on eis stimulated the other is inhibited: red & green, black & white, blue & yellow

Color, which is determined by wavelength (high frequence wavelength = bluish, low frequencey wavelength = reddish)

determined by amplitude (height) of wavelength

the three tiny bones in the middle ear. Aka: ossicles, ossicular bones, malleus/incus/stapes

determined by frequency of a wave (wavelength)

determined by amplitude of wave (hieght)

snailshaped structure in the inner ear, filled with fluid that vibrates when we hear. Contains basilar membrane, ogran of corti & hair cells

the pitch a person hears depends on where hair cells that are stimulated are located on the organ of corti *high frequency at base.

pitch is related to how fast the basilar membrane vibrates, at the same rate of sound *focuses on low frequency

a strip of membrane in the cochlea that is surrounded by liquid

problems with the mechanics (physical vibrations/soundwave) of the outer or middle ear

loss of hair cells in the inner ear aka nerve deafness.

a phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby; selective attention

tendency to perceive objects as always being the same size, no matter how far away they are

tendency to perceive objects as remaining the same shape even when the shape of the object changes on the retina

tendency to perceive objects as a certain level of brightness, even when the light changes

depth cues available to either eye alone. ONE eye is in use

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of TWO eyes

Lines that are parallel in the three-dimensional world will appear to converge in a two-dimensional image as they extend into the distance

if something covers something else we interpret it as closer to us

the closer the more detailed the image; the further away something is the smoother/blurrier it appears

further away objects appear slower than closer ones

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

inward movement of both eyes; binocular cue

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background

the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete; Gestalt

tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group; Gestalt

you use your background knowledge to fill the gaps in what we sense (ie using the puzzle box cover as a guide to build a puzzle)

you use the features of the object itself to build a complete perception (ie building a puzzle with no guide)

body position & orientation of body parts *comes form receptors in skin, joints, & muscles

balance & movement *comes from semicircular canals

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers (when you rubbed a stubbed toe)