Honors Biology - Chapter 4: Cells

What is cell theory?

All living things come from cells, and all cells come from other cells

What happens to the surface area and volume as a cell size increases?

The volume increases faster than the surface area

What is a plasma membrane composed of? Which way do the heads face?

Phospholipids, heads face outward toward water

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Structurally simple and smaller

What is a eukaryotic cell?

More complex and bigger

What does the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell contain?

DNA

What are organelles?

Organ-like structures that perform a specific function in a cell

What domains do prokaryotic cells contain?

Bacteria and Archarea

What is the most obvious difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

Cell size and structure

What structures do just prokaryotic cells contain?

Nucleoid

Plant and animal cells are this type of cell.

Eukaryotic

What do plant cells have that animal cells don't have?

A rigid cell wall, plasmodesmata, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole

What do animal cells have that plant cells don't have?

Lysosomes and centrosomes containing cellulose

What are the three regions of the nucleus?

1) Nucleolus; 2) Membrane(Nuclear envelope); 3) Chromatin

What is chromatin?

complex of proteins and DNA

What do chromatin fibers coil up into during cell reproduction?

DNA

What is the function of the nucleolus?

rRNA(Ribosomal RNA) synthesis

What do ribosomes manufacture?

Proteins

What structures does the endomembrane system include? Are they all connected?

The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum(ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and a plasma membrane. Only two are connected

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules

Membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum are continuous (connected) to what other structure?

Nuclear envelope

What is bound to the rough ER?

Ribosomes

What does the rough ER make?

An additional membrane for itself and secretory proteins

Enzymes of the smooth ER are important in the synthesis of what?

Lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Molecular warehouse and processing station for the ER

Are the sacs of the Golgi apparatus connected to each other?

No

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A molecular warehouse that modifies, sorts, and ships cell products

What is a lysosome?

Digestive compartments within a cell

What makes the enzymes and membranes of lysosomes?

Rough ER

What are the functions of lysosomes?

To fuse with food vacuoles to digest food, destroy bacteria engulfed with white blood cells, and fuse with other vesicles containing damaged organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell

What are vacuoles?

Large vesicles with a variety of functions

What do protists do with the water they collect from the cell in their contractile vacuoles? What does this prevent the protist from doing?

Eliminate water and prevent protists from bursting

What might a plant's large central vacuole contain?

Digestive functions containing pigments and poisons that protect the plant

Is there a direct structural connection between the nuclear envelope, rough ER, and smooth ER?

Yes

How does a protein manufactured by the ER leave the cell? List all organelles and cell parts involved.

ER - transport vesicle - Golgi apparatus - lysosome - plasma membrane

What do some vesicles develop into?

Lysosomes or vacuoles

What are peroxisomes?

Metabolic compartments that break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel

What do peroxisomes do?

Detoxify harmful compounds

What are mitochondria?

Organelles that carry out cellular respiration and convert food energy to chemical energy in eukaryotic cells(powerhouse of the cell)

What molecule do mitochondria convert energy into?

ATP

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

2

What does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

What are the folds of the inner membrane called?

Cristae

What is the photosynthesizing organelle of plant cells?

Chloroplasts

What does the cytoskeleton contain and what does it organize?

Microtubules, intermediate filament, and microfilaments

List the three parts of the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

What are the short, numerous appendages that propel protists called?

Cilia

How are flagella different from cilia?

Longer and limited

What are flagella and cilia composed of?

Microtubules

How are these microtubules arranged? What is this arrangement called?

Wrapped, in a 9+2 pattern

What are the bending proteins in flagella and cilia called?

Dynein feet

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

Support and regulation in animal cells

What are the three types of cell junctions found in animal tissues?

Tight junctions, Anchoring junctions, Gap junctions

Which junction prevents the leakage of fluids?

Tight junctions

Which junction fastens cells together?

Anchoring junctions

Which junction allows small molecules to flow through?

Gap junctions

What is the name of the cell junction found just in plants?

Plasmodesmata

What cell organelles are involved in genetic control?

Nucleus and ribosomes

What cell organelles are involved in manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown of materials?

Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes

What cell organelles are involved in energy processing?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

What cell organelles are involved in structural support, movement, and intercellular communication?

Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, cell junctions, and cell walls

What structure is associated with prokaryotic cells?

Nucleoid

The nucleus of the cell contains what?

DNA

The complex of proteins and DNA in a nondividing cell is called

Chromatin

Which cells have a membrane-bound nucleus?

Eukaryotic

What in a mitochondrion increases the surface area?

Cristae