English 2332 test 1

main conflict in Job's story is between

God and Satan

the 4 parts of Jobs story

prologue, symposium, God's reply, and epilogue

theme of Job

Why do good people suffer when the wicked seemingly escape suffering and are permitted to live their lives without penalty and have comfort and security

possible authorship of Job

Job, Elihu, Moses, and Solomon

content of God's speech to Job

doesn't tell him why; describes universal beauties; questions how Job could be a critic; man may not understand the purposes of God

what Job lost and gained

lost- children, wealth, and health gained- wisdom and more faith

indirect and direct causes of the Trojan war

indirect: tossing of the golden apple by Eris into gathering at feast; choosing by Paris of Aphrodite as beautiful goddess; compact of suitors of Helen direct: running away of Helen with Paris to Troy (away from Menelaus—her husband)

location of the Trojan war (today)

Troy ( in Turkey) near Helespoint (Dardanelles)

How many combarants came to Troy

Trojans and Greeks and neighboring groups of people

period of preparation

1 or more years

extent of preparation

1,000 ships and 100,000 men

duration of war

10 years

winner

Greeks

reason for victory

the will of gods for Greeks to win

means of victory

the Trojan horse stratagem executed by the Greeks under the direction/leadership of Odysseus. They built a wooden horse and left it outside the gates of Troy, as an offering to the gods, while they pretend to give up the battle and sail away.

instances of divine intervention

Greek god intervention- Athena, Hephatus, Hera, Poseidon, Thetis Trojan- Aphrodite, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Zeus

principle characters of the war and why they were on the side they are on

Greeks- Achilles, Agamemnon, Antilochus, Briseis, Diomedes, Ajax, Menelas, Nestor, Odysseus, Patroclus, Phoenix Trojans- Hector, Priam, Hecuba, Andromache, Astyanax, Helen, Paris, Polydamus

how did Hephaestus help in the war against Troy

built Achilles armour/shield

which gods and mortals functioned as messengers in the Iliad

Hermes

what is the importance of preparing a body for burial after death

burn them out of respect and to get their spirit safely to the underworld

why did apollo abandon help Hector in the battle against Achilles

he knew Hector was fated to die at Achilles hand

what person the Greeks left behind to tell the lie to the Trojans

Sinon

the Greek and Trojan attitude toward Helen

Greeks- hated her because she was a trader Trojans- loved her because she gave them information about the Greeks

Helen was product of rape

by Zeus

grasping of the knees is used for what purpose in The Iliad

asking and begging for a favor

the 2 poles of the human condition are

war and peace

epic

long, narrative poem which has characters of high position in a series of adventures which connect by a hero

epic formula

invokes a muse, states a theme, begins in medias res, contains long/formal speeches, uses catalogues, uses epic similes, uses epithets, uses repetition

epic characteristics

1. The hero is a person of heroic stature, national or international importance and great historical (or legendary) significance. 2. The action concerns deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage. 3. The setting is vast, covering great nations, the world, or the universe. 4. Supernatural forces (such as gods, angels, or demons) interest themselves in the action and intervene from time to time. 5. The writing style presents itself with sustained elevation and grand simplicity. 6. The epic poet recounts the deeds of his heroes with objectivity. 7. The battle in the epic is always a crucial one which decides the outcome of the war.

epic conventions

poet invokes a muse, opens by stating a theme, opens in medias res (middle), gives extended formal speeches, elaborate epic similes, uses epithets, gives long lists "catalogs" repetition of words/phrases

shield of Achilles symbolic of what

war and peace

fashioned by whom

Hephaestus

appearance of the shield

made of bronze, tin, silver, and gold; has pictures of earth, sky, sea's water, dun, moon, and constellations, two cities on it representing war and peace

Dionysus

god of wine and fertility

tragedy

a sad play

tragedy definition

goat song from the Greeks words tragos and ode

dithyrambs

choral hymns which took the form of chants, songs, and poems to worship Dionysus

Thespis

Athenian citizen who traveled organizing local festivals of celebration for Dionysus (1st actor)

3 great Greek playwrights

Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides

satyr plays

largely comic relief from tragedies

tetralogy

consisted of 3 tragedies and a styr play

archon

ruler, leader, chief, mayor

choregos

wealthy Athenian citizen who paid the costs of theatrical productions at festivals

goat

reward for the best playwright if the best tragedy

skin of wine and basket of figs

the reward for the playwright of the best satyr play

remaining tragedies

33 tragedies, 11 comedies, and 1 satyr play

seating order

1st row—seats of honor (city officials, choragus) 2nd row—male citizens (also special section for ephebi) 2 sections above—for women very top—slaves/prisoners

theatron

the area where the audience sits

choragus

priest of Dionysus

ephebi

18 year old male who is enrolled in military training

orchestra

was at ground level, enclosed on 3 sides by the U-shaped theatron

thymele

altar to Dionysus in center of orchestra (an altar to Dionysus)

parados

entrance passages to the right or left of the theatron

skene

scene building

prisim

a 3-sided primitive form of scenery

eccyclema

wheeled platform which rolled out of the scene building to reveal a multitude of things which had taken place indoors

dues ex machina

god from machine

costumes

--worn during plays—usually had long sleeves and eye-catching belts worn above waist to show stature, colors could be used to depict a characters emotional state, the tragic hero was set apart by gloves, body padding, and high-heeled buskins, known as cothurnus boots

cothurnus boots

high-heeled buskins (added height and significance to tragic hero)

masks-2 purposes

exaggerated emotion(with painted faces) abd amplified sound (had small megaphones built in)

hypocrites

actors (all male)

choreuti

chorus members (all male)

structure of drama

1) Prologue-opening scene, background established (few actors) 2) Parados- entrance of the chorus, usually by chanted lyric, related to main theme 3) Episode-like modern acts—plot 4) Stasimon-choral ode, comes at the end of each episode 5) Exodos-final action, ceremonial exit of all players

no violence ever SHOWN on

a Greek stage

tragedy matured during

5th century BC

held in amphitheaters

plays

contributions of Aeschylus

added second actor to stage

contributions of Sophocles

introduced painted scenery; was most popular of the 3 great, Greek playwrights;

contributions of Euripides

(not as popular in his own day); dues ex machine

tragic hero

man of noble stature, usually a prince or king,

tragic flaw

error of judgement at a flaw in a character, Despite all his great qualities, he is afflicted with some fault of character such as ambition, quickness to anger, a tendency to jealousy, or excessive pride, this flaw in his character will be his downfall.

pity and fear

the tragic hero is made to fill the watchers with this

discovery

tragic fall will fill the gain in self-knowledge or the change from ignorance to knowledge

catharsis

emotional release at the end of the play

the 3 unities

time, place, and action

Oedipus The King: meaning of the play;

man's confidence in himself was worth nothing if he abandoned his belief in the gods

conflict of Oedipus

ignorance versus knowledge; Oedipus realized what he did was done in ignorance. That was why he could recover. He acquired that knowledge by terrible suffering. He became the living proof of the divine sovereignty of the gods.

setting of Oedipus

Ancient Greece- Thebes

who were the real foster parents of Oedipus

Foster: Polybus & Merope Real: Laius (who he killed) & Jocasta

what two people does Oedipus accuse of plotting against him

Creon and Tiresias

Medea: know golden fleece story about Jason and his Argonauts

they searched for it and found it in the foreign land of Colchis, where they had to overcome a serpent, bulls, dragon, and warriors. it was here that Jason met Medea and with Aphrodite's power fell in love with her

setting of Medea

Corinth, Jason's home

dues ex machina

(god from machine) complicated plots used by Euripides

Aegeas' visit to Medea causes her to realize what

how important fatherhood is to a man

what does the line mean that King Creon speaks when he asks Medea, "what difference could one day make?"

he was going to allow her one more day to prepare for her and her children's exile, it is ironic because with that one more day she actually ended up murdering him, his daughter, and his step grandchildren

Dramatic irony in Job

Readers know why Job is facing trials, but Job does not

Significance of Job's wife in the story

His wife was taken/died???

12 Olympians

Zeus - god of the sky Hera - goddess of marriage Poseidon - god of the sea Hestia- Goddess of home and hearth Athena - Goddess of wisdom and warfare Apollo - god of the silver bow Artemis - Goddess of the hunt and childbirth Hephaestus - God of Fire Aphrodite - Goddess of love and beauty Hermes - god of roads and doorways Ares - God of war Demeter - goddess of the harvest

Zeus

God of the Sky,

Hera

Goddess of marriage

Posiedon

God of the sea

Hestia

Goddess of hearth and home

Athena

Goddess of wisdom and warfare

Apollo

God of light and the silver bow

Artemis

Goddess of the hunt and childbirth

Hephestus

God of fire

Aphrodite

goddess of love and beauty

Hermes

God of commerce, roads and railways

Ares

God of war

Demeter

Goddess of fertility and the harvest

War

Represented by Achilles

Peace

Represented by Hector

Who sets off the wrath of Achilles at the beginning of Book 1

Agamemnon

Instances of Divine Intervention

Thetis, Achilles' mother and a sea nymph, asks Zeus to force the Achaeans to lose in battle for a little while, so they will have to grovel back to Achilles. Zeus misleads Agamemnon into thinking the Trojans are doomed for sorrow, to encourage him to depart for battle.

Various ways the Greeks are referred to in the Iliad

Achaeans

Parts of armor made for Achilles

Shield, Corslet, Greaves, Helmet

What is the source of most greek Tragedy

Myths from the oral traditions of archaic epics.

The Oresteia

The overall name of the trilogy Aeschylus wrote. It includes: Agamemnon, The Choephoroe (The Libation Bearers) and The Eumenides.Competing for the last time, the trilogy won for him first place at the Theater of Dionysus. It remains the only complete Greek trilogy we have today.

Tragedy

Greek tragedy is a form of theatre from Ancient Greece and Greek inhabited Anatolia. It reached its most significant form in Athens in the 5th century BC, the works of which are sometimes called Attic tragedy

No blood was shed on stage

True

Recognition

Realization, a change from ignorance to recognition

What is the significance of a 24-hour period in tragic plays

Grieving???

Agamemnon

A story about murder and revenge

Permanent system of justice

Where disputes would be decided fairly and without bloodshed.

Orestes

Clytemnestra’s son, Attempted to kill his mother, Athena voted in on his side, and broke the tie in his court case

Furies

goddesses of vengeance

History of the House of Atreus

King Atreus had a long-standing quarrel with his younger brother, Thyestes. He had banished Thyestes because Thyestes had plotted against him and seduced his wife. Atreus lured Thyestes out of exile and pretended to resolve his relationship with his brother by way of a banquet in his honor. At the feast, he fed Thyestes the bodies of Thyestes’ own sons. After Thyestes had partaken and discovered the deed, he laid a curse on the entire house of Atreus. Eating the flesh of humans would make Thyestes unclean and therefore unsuitable as a rival for the crown, so Atreus was getting even with Thyestes for seducing his wife and was getting rid of his rival for the crown at the same time. After this incident, Thyestes returned to exile with his remaining son, Aegisthus. The boy would live to avenge the wrongs done to his father.

circumstances concerning how he set sail for Troy and what happened to him on his return home from Troy.

He was forced to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigenia, as a sacrifice to Artemis to gain sailing winds. He told his wife to send the girl to the dock to be married to the great Achilles. Instead, he took her life. Agamemnon was gone for ten years to Troy, and during his absence Aegisthus, his cousin, seduced Clytemnestra. He aided her in plotting the death of Agamemnon upon his victorious return from Troy. This deed was done. Then, Clytemnestra’s son, Orestes, returned to Argos to kill his mother for killing his father. The Furies of Hades pursued Orestes until he was driven mad. He sought help from Athena who convened a court of law (the first) to decide the case. The verdict was split. Athena broke the tie in favor of Orestes. The Furies were furious, but Athena calmed them by offering them a position of honor in the cult of her city, Athens. They accepted and were changed into benevolent spirits. Their name was changed to the kindly ones or the Eumenides.