MICROBIO EXAM 1 REVIEW

Spontaneous generation

Life arose from no living matter

Biogenesis

Life is made from preexisting cells

Robert hook

Cells, cell theory

John Tyndall

Discovered Endospores

Joseph lister

Father of antiseptic surgery

Edward Jenner

Technique of vaccines, prevent smallpox

Hess

Use of agar

Petri

Developed Petri dish

Fleming

Penicillin

Ehrilich

Treatment of syphilis, arsenic

Semmelweis

Hand disinfection

Needham

Tested SG, but did not boil

Sallazani

Testes SG, sealed and boiled

Pasteur

Swan neck flask

Leeuwenhoek

Single lens microscope

Postulates

Take sample then streak and if colonize inject into animal

Binomial nomenclature

Genus species

Carlous Linnaeus

Developed taxonomy system

3 domains

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Classification

Placing organism in a group of related species

Identification

Matching characteristics of an unknown to a list of known

Levels of classification

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Bacteriology

Bacteria/archaea

phycology

Algae

protozoology

Protozoa

Parasitology

Parasitic Protozoa/animal

Virology

Viruses

Serology

Antibodies in bloodstream

Immunology

Bodies defense with disease

Epidemiology

Disease

Etiology

Cause of disease

Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus with DNA, membrane bound organelles, compartmentalized cytoplasm, and perform specialized functions

Prokaryotic cells

No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

Coccus

Round

Bacillus

Rod

Vibro

Curved rod

coccobacillus

Short rod

spirillum

Spiral

Spirochete

Long and loose

Streptococcus

Chain of cocci

Staphylococcus

Cluster of cocci

Prokaryotic cytoplasm

Factory area

Prokaryotic Ribosome

Protein synthesis (70s)

Prokaryotic Plasmid

Genetic engineering

Prokaryotic Inclusions

Used when environmental sources are depleted

Prokaryotic Chromosome

Genetic information

Prokaryotic

Network of proteins associated with the cell wall

Exocytosis

Releasing things to the exterior

Endocytosis

Bringing substances into the cell

Pinocytosis

Ingest liquid

Phagocytosis

Ingest substances

Gram-positive

Cell membrane and peptidoglycan layer

Gram-negative

Outer membrane, cell membrane, cell wall with think peptidoglycan layer

Peptidoglycan

Recreating framework of macromolecules

Penicillin

Weakens bacteria cell causing to to burst

No typical bacterial cell walls

Mycobacterium and mycoplasma

Mycobacterium

Gram-positive with lipid mycolic acid

What is mycobacterium the basis for

Acid fast chain

Mycoplasma

No cell wall

Mutualism

BN/BN, bacteria in the human colon

Commensalism

BN/N, staphylococcus on the skin

Parasitism

BN/H, terbuculosis in the lungs

Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria

Gram-negative, contain chlorophyll-A pigment, give off oxygen

Photosynthetic sulfur bacteria

Bacteriochlorophyll pigment, give off sulfur not oxygen

Photosynthetic non-sulfur bacteria

Bacteriochlorophyll pigment, use sulfates other than sulfur for oxidation

Rickettsias

Tiny, gram-negative, mostly pathogen, transmitted by arthropods

Chlamydia

Tiny, not transmitted by arthropods, STD

Archaea

Protein synthesis similar to eukarya, no peptidoglycan in cell wall, long chain hydrocarbon

Bacteria

Fatty acid, no protein synthesis similar to eukarya , one RNA sequence shared with eukarya

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Protein synthesis and move to ER for packing

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Nutrient processing, synthesis, lipid storage, detoxification

Nucleolus

rRNA synthesis, assemble ribosomal units

Eukaryotic ribosomes

Protein synthesis (80s)

Fungi

Thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin and thin layer of glycans

Algae

Cellulose, pectin, mannas, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate

Mastogophra

Primarily flagella, sexual reproduction

Sarcodina

Primarily amoeba \, asexual through fission, free-living

Ciliphora

Cilia, trophozites, free-living and harmless

Apicomplexa

Only male gametes move, asexual/sexual

What must apicomplexa have

Locomotor structure (flagella or cilia)

Microscopic Fungi

Mushroom

Macroscopic fungi

Mold

Lichens

Show environmental indicators, combination of green algae and fungus, slow growing

Virus characteristics

Obligate I travel lunar parasites, DNA or RNA genome, surrounded by protein capsid, lack reproduction so they exploit host cell

Capsid

Nucleocapsid, capsomers, enveloped/naked, spikes

Three types of capsid structures

Helical, icosahedral, complex

Poxivirus

Lacks capsid, covered with lipoproteins

Bacteriophage

Polyhedral nucleocapsid with helical tail

DNA virus

Herpes, smallpox

RNA virus

Influenza HIV

DsDNA

Normal flow of genetic information

SsDNA

Produce dsDNA using host enzyme

DsRNA

Translated into protein

+ssRNA

Directly translated into viral protein

-ssRNA

Must convert to +ssRNA to proceed further

Classification of viruses

Enveloped/naked, genetic makeup, chemical composition, morphology, mechanism of multiplication

Bacteriophage

Cytoplasm, does not require unloading

Cytopathic effect

Abnormality to virus

What abnormalities come from the cytopathic effect

Changes in size/shape, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, cells fuse, lose, and altered DNA

Viroid

Infectious RNA particle, lacking capsid causing plant disease

Virusoid

Smaller ssRNA lacking capsid, requires satellite virus to replicate

Prions

Misfiled protein, resistant to sterilization

Types of prion viruses

Scrapie, wasting disease