Philosophy Reviewer Q2
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· Natural Environment
(Which of the Factors that possibly limits one’s Transcendence?)
It includes natural laws or forces such as gravity, and natural events such as storms, earthquakes or the simple natural facts like the fact that it is raining.
Body
(Which of the Factors that possibly limits one’s Transcendence?)
It refers to the various characteristics of the body such as, among others, genetic make-up, physical attributes such as height, weight, complexion, etc., nationality, gender, social class, ethnic race, sickness, disabilities, age, previous experiences and impending death.
Other people
(Which of the Factors that possibly limits one’s Transcendence?)
It includes our concrete relations with them and their mere perception to us.
Jean Paul Sartre
He understands transcendence as what makes it possible and what limits it.
Jean Paul Sartre
For him, Human capacity for transcendence is rooted in the property of human consciousness called intentionality.
Freedom
It is basically the ability to do things as you please without any form of hindrance or restraint.
First, transcendent to consciousness or the things that consciousness is primarily directed at are: outside.
What is the first way of transcendence of consciousness?
Consciousness is always transcending itself because in being continuously conscious of things outside of itself, it is continuously filling in gaps within itself.
What is the second way of transcendence of consciousness?
B.F Skinner
(Which Psychologist And Philosopher Different Point Of Views On Freedom?)
“Man is absolutely determined.”
B.F Skinner
(Which Psychologist And Philosopher Different Point Of Views On Freedom?)
Man’s freedom is categorically determined, fashioned, and triggered by external factors and stimuli such as: genetics, environmental structures, physical structures, culture, biological background, religion, nationality, education, and etc.
Jean-Paul Sartre
(Which Psychologist And Philosopher’s Point Of Views On Freedom?)
Man is condemned to be free
and Man has no historicity
Jean-Paul Sartre
(Which Psychologist And Philosopher’s Point Of Views On Freedom?)
Man has only his future project which he makes entirely of himself and for which he alone is responsible
Jean-Paul Sartre
(Which Psychologist And Philosopher’s Point Of Views On Freedom?)
He said that man is the highest being above all and the commander and rule of his freedom who stirs its direction to where he wishes to be.
Jean-Paul Sartre
(Which Psychologist And Philosopher’s Point Of Views On Freedom?)
a man is free in all things because using his absolute freedom, he can be what he wants.
Abraham Maslow
(Which Psychologist And Philosopher’s Point Of Views On Freedom?)
He also refutes that this historicity obstructs man’s freedom.
But historicity, for him to certain extent, provides man some form of chances or opportunities wherein he can exercise his freedom using events of the past as guide.
Abraham Maslow
(Which Psychologist And Philosopher’s Point Of Views On Freedom?)
He seems to agree that man has historicity. The events of the past give zest to his character and needs.
Abraham Maslow
(Which Psychologist And Philosopher’s Point Of Views On Freedom?)
For him, Freedom and structures are supposed to complement rather than contradicting each other. ____ view on freedom is basically in between the views of Skinner and Sartre.
False. (It’s Maslow)
(True/False)
Sarte acknowledges the significance of structure and historicity in the evolution and development of a person. For him, it is the foundation of a lot of things to which we can actually accept. question, and improve.
Absolute Freedom
This Freedom is only applicable to God. God can do everything he wants and everything he does is always good. It is because of his nature which is goodness. God is absolutely Good.
Limited Freedom
This Freedom is only applicable to Man. He cannot exhibit freedom at all times and in all situations. Doing what is wrong and bad is not anymore an act of freedom.
True
(True/False)
Lower animals like dogs, cats etc. do not have freedom
True
(True/False)
When man acts out of freewill, he must be responsible for every outcome of his own actions.
False (It does become limited because of others)
(True/False)
Our freedom doesn’t become limited because of others.
True
(True/False)
The evil repetitious behavior done out of choice is not actually an act of freedom but rather slavery.
True
(True/False)
When you want to practice your freedom make sure it is based on right
True
(True/False)
According to Kantian Freedom by Immanuel Kant, the only thing good in itself is a good will
False! (Good Will)
(Modified True/False)
According to Kantian Freedom by Immanuel Kant, the bad will is ruled by duty.
True
(Modified True/False)
According to Kantian Freedom by Immanuel Kant, duty is properly ruled by reason
True
(Modified True/False)
We recognize the right of reason to rule our duty
Self ruling
Following desires : Ruled by others :: Following reason:
The duty to take care of your body
RIGHT: ____
DUTY: The duty to take care of your body
The right to nationality
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to be a good citizen of your own country.
The right to democracy
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to take part in governmental affairs and help in its projects for development.
The right to affordable housing, medicine.
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to pay what is due
The right to protection of the law.
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to obey the law.
The right of workers
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to become good employees.
The right to speech
RIGHT: ___
DUTY:
The right to education
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to study
The right to travel long distance trips.
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to follow the rules and regulations related to your travel
The right to practice freedom
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to be responsible on the outcome of your actions
The right to religious affiliations
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to follow the precepts of your church.
The right to protection against the bad elements in our society.
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to report to the authorities their bad activities
The right to honor, good name and reputations
RIGHT: ___
DUTY: The duty to protect your honor, good name and reputation.
True
(True/False)
Right is due to man because he possesses worth and dignity
True
(True/False)
One’s dignity is rooted in the belief that a human person is a son of God.
False (Man has the right to live and work out his destiny.)
(True/False)
Human person has no right to live and work out his destiny.
True
(True/False)
Human right is seen as a moral power residing in a person
Sustainable Development
This is the kind of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Environmental integrity
Economic efficiency
Equity
NAME THE THREE IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental Integrity
(Which Principle Of Sustainability?)
Refers to maintaining the state of the environment
Economic Efficiency
(Which Principle Of Sustainability?)
Refers to prudence in decision-making regarding the use of resources to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste.
Equity
(Which Principle Of Sustainability?)
Demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them.
True
(True/False)
Frugality is being thrifty with the use of one’s resources
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
This is the field/discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and this non-human contents.
intrinsic value
Something has what type of value if it has inherent worth in itself
instrumental value
Something has what type of value if something is considered as a means towards achieving a certain end.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM
This view on the attribution of moral consideration tells us that
Only humans are assigned intrinsic
value
Considers human beings as the center of moral consideration
PANTHOCENTRISM
This view on the attribution of moral consideration tells us that
It is about extending our intrinsic value and thus moral consideration to higher forms of animals or intelligent animals such as dogs and chimpanzees who are sentient
BIOCENTRISM
This view on the attribution of moral consideration tells us that
It should not only be humans and animals, but also plants that should be morally considerable.
Intrinsic value is assigned to living things
ECOCENTRISM
This view on the attribution of moral consideration tells us that
We should regard the ecosystem as holistic entities that should be given moral consideration
We are reducing all living beings as mere members of the ecosystem
Intrinsic value is assigned to the ecosystem as a whole
That an action is right and therefore moral, when it has the tendency to preserve the integrity, stability of the biotic community; and wrong when it does the opposite.
ALDO LEOPOLD
The American conservationist, forester, and philosopher which said “That land is a community, the basic concept of ecology, but that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics”
True
(True/False)
According to Arne Naess, founder of Deep Ecology, “Each living being is understood as a goal in itself, in principle on an equal footing with one’s own ego
Arne Naess
He is widely regarded as the foremost Norwegian philosopher of the 20th century and the founder of deep ecology.
Shallow Ecology
This type of Ecology refers to the “anthropocentric technocratic environmental movement” concerned primarily with pollution, resource depletion and the health and affluence of the people in the developed countries.
Deep Ecology
This type of Ecology involves deep questioning going down to the fundamentals of “why and how” leading to an awareness of the need for essential transformation in society
True
(True/False)
*Arne Naess, on Deep Ecology.....*
“It is not difficult for us to identify with other living beings. We can actually practice or cultivate this capacity. One way is to practice extending our care and affection. We can also explore this larger Self in a variety of other ways.”
The flourishing of human and non-human life on Earth has intrinsic value. The value of non-human life forms is independent of the usefulness they may have for narrow human purposes.
Richness and diversity of life forms are values in themselves and contribute to the flourishing of human and non-human life on Earth.
Humans have no right to reduce this richness and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.
Present human interference with the non-human world is excessive, and the situation is rapidly worsening.
The flourishing of human life and cultures is compatible with a substantial decrease of the human population. The flourishing of non-human life requires such a decrease.
Significant change of life conditions for the better requires change in policies. These affect basic economic, technological, and ideological structures.
The ideological change is mainly that of appreciating life quality (dwelling in situations of intrinsic value) rather than adhering to a high standard of living. There will be a profound awareness of the difference between big and great.
Those who subscribe to the foregoing points have an obligation directly or indirectly to participate in the attempt to implement the necessary changes.
Give one of the 8 DEEP ECOLOGY PLATFORM
True
(True/False)
The difference between shallow and deep ecology lies with regard to the level of questioning and fundamental focus of concern
ECOFEMINISM
(WHICH OF THE THEORIES IN RADICAL ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY)
Believes that a society characterized by a mentality that tolerates the oppression of women is directly linked with its tendency to tolerate the abuse of the environment and degradation of nature.
Ynestra King
The Ecofeminist theorist who quoted “...the human species in its patriarchal form is the only species which holds a conscious belief that it is entitled to dominion over the other species, and over the planet.”
Mary Wollstonecraft
The Feminist philosopher who said “I do not wish them [women] to have power over men; but over themselves.”
Murray Bookchin
He was the proponent of Social Ecology who said “Until human beings cease to live in societies that are structured around hierarchies as well as economic classes, we shall never be free of domination..”
Air Pollution and Climate Change
Deforestation
Soil Degradation
Water Scarcity
Overpopulation
Species Extinction
Waste Disposal
Give one environmental challenge.
Redwood Analogy
What is the analogy based from the Sequoia Gigantea?
The longest life in the tree family, it could last up to 3000 years old
97% is dead except a thin
Gaia Theory
This theory proposes the following:
“The living Earth”
Earth’s goddess, oldest and greatest of the pre-classical Greek pantheon of gods
The Earth is an evolving system, a system made from all living things and their surface environment, the oceans, the atmosphere, and crustal rocks
The cells of the tree along the periphery of the trunk is alive. The trunk of the tree is similar to the Earth’s lithosphere with a thin layer of living organisms spread across its surface. The bark, like the atmosphere, protects the living tissues, and allows for the exchange of biologically important gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Basically, the Redwood Tree is following the theory of Gaia. It can support itself to live for long.
How can the Redwood Analogy be compared the Earth as an evolving system?
Richard Dawkins
He claimed that Gaia could not exist because there was no possibility of the Earth reproducing and therefore no possibility of evolution by natural selection among the planets.
Ford Doolittle
He observed that planetary regulation would require foresight and planning by the biota.
True
(T/F) the Daisyworld model of James Lovelock says that the Earth can be pictured as a “Daisyworld” wherein it contains the right elements for it to survive without the need of other beings.
Sustainable Retreat
It is described as th maintaining of the level Natural Resources while giving up or moving backwards because humanity does not have enough time and, most likely, enough sources to implement the sustainable development concept.
Therefore, it is necessary to think about a retreat.
True
(T/F)
To "will" something, one has "to know" beforehand
True
(T/F)
Man cannot choose or act unless he knows which is a "better" good
Human Acts
These are the acts only a man is capable of acting free
Will
Under the control of ___, and act is freely done. It is the power tending toward, choosing, adhering to & taking pleasure in a GOOD KNOWN BY THE INTELLECT.
It is voluntary.
True
(T/F)
The nature of Freedom are
It proceeds from the intellect and will
it is based on reason which the will followed
When man makes a decision, he is free.
Man is accountable for what he is doing because he is CONSCIOUS of what he is doing, why he is doing it and how he is doing it.
Human Acts
Actions done consciously and freely by the agent/or by man
Acts of Man
Actions beyond one’s consciousness; not dependent on the intellect and the will
What’s the difference between Acts of Man and Human Acts.
No, because it’s an act performed under serious physical violence; Acts of Man; involuntary
When you’re held hostage and obliged to do an evil action, are you morally accountable if you do so? Why?
Morality
From the Greek word MORES - behavior, this refers to the sense of rightness or wrongness of an act.
True
(T/F)
Morality is based in part upon the fundamental conviction that:
There is an objective moral law which can be known by the intellect - NATURAL MORAL LAW
True
(T/F)
Morality is based in part upon the fundamental conviction that:
Some actions are intrinsically evil - not justifiable regardless of the circumstance
True
(T/F)
All Human act are subjected to morality
OBJECT OF THE ACT
(Which Moral Determinants of Human Acts?)
Substance/nature of the action
The good which the will deliberately directs itself
This specifies the “act of the will”
Answers “What was performed by the moral agent?”
INTENTION or END IN VIEW
(Which Moral Determinants of Human Acts?)
Motive of the agent - factor which the agent acts; either be morally good or evil
Purpose for which a human agent performs the act
Concerned with the goal of the activity
CIRCUMSTANCE
(Which Moral Determinants of Human Acts?)
The intention can be either good or bad
There are some actions that are evil by their very nature.
These are never morally allowable, even if the intention and the circumstances are good.
Society
An organized group of people whose members interact frequently and have common territory and culture
Thomas Hobbes
SOCIETY CONTRACT THEORY
According to this person, persons are governed by their desires often lead to conflict
John Locke
SOCIETY CONTRACT THEORY
According to this person, persons are more cooperative and reasonable known as “consent of the governed”
John Rawls
SOCIETY CONTRACT THEORY
According to this person, humans having “a veil of ignorance” - to seek a just and a fair society
David Gauthier
SOCIETY CONTRACT THEORY
According to this person, Society is people’s “self interest” actions of individual in meeting their individual needs.
That society one is not compromised for the sake of other.
COMMON GOOD
The desires to achieve the goal to survive
Hunting and Gathering Society
(Which form of Society?)
The earliest and simplest, nomadic, members treated equally (consensus)
Pastoral Society
(Which form of Society?)
The domestication of animals for more stable food and supply, trade with other societies, engage in handicrafts
Horticultural Society
(Which form of Society?)
The small scale cultivation and domestication, semi-nomadic, tasks assigned according to gender
Agrarian or Agricultural Society
(Which form of Society?)
The improved technology and use of tools to aid in farming, structured social system often lead to conflict
Feudal Society
(Which form of Society?)
The ownership of the land, vassal (loyal to his lord) - served by peasants (workers), “higher classes” - treated with respects
Industrial Society
(Which form of Society?)
The specialized machineries, innovations, transportations and communication, capitalists (most influential)
Post-Industrial Society
(Which form of Society?)
Based on knowledge information and sale services led by human mind aided by highly technology, members are having higher educational attainment
Virtual Society
(Which form of Society?)
The society aided with technology and internet -- human person still remains in the heart of the society as he or she drives social changes.