BIOLOGY 4.1-4.2

What is ATP?

A energy carrying molecule

ADP

____ is made when one phosphate group gets removed from ATP

photosynthesis

the transformation of light into chemical energy

chemosynthesis

conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation

autotroph

an organism that is able to capture energy from the environment and store it in chemical bonds of organic molecules

heterotroph

an organism that must acquire energy by consuming other organisms

stomata

Small pores. during photosynthesis, CO2 enters while Oxygen exits

thylakoids

Connected disk-shaped pouches

grana(Granium)

a stack of thylakoids

light dependent reaction

Light energy Is captured and used to make ATP and high energy electrons carried by NADPH

light independent reaction

ATP and NADPH are used to build carbohydrates(sugars) from carbon dioxide

Calvin cycle

the series of steps during light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which a THREE carbon sugar is formed

Carbon fixation

THREE molecules of five-carbon sugars(RuBP) to begin the cycle. To each RuBP, a carbon atom from from CO2 is added this SIX-carbon molecule gets unstable and then splits up into two 3-carbon molecules of PGA

wavelength

Gamma rays to Radio waves

what are wavelengths measured in?

CPS/Hertz

Pigment

a certain color to plant or animal tissues.

chlorophyll

pigment that gives a green color to plants

Photosystem II

solar energy excites electrons and water molecules are split into: Hydrogen ions oxygen molecules free electrons

Photosystem I

electron carriers are charged -chlorophyll molecules absorb photons of sunlight energy and electrons pass the energy along another electron transport chain

Chemical molecule for C6H1206

Glucose

Chemical molecule for O2

oxygen

Chemical molecule for CO2

Carbon dioxide

ATP cycle

ATP looses a phosphate to form a double phosphate adenine ATP---->ADP TRI PHOSPHATE---> DI PHOSPHATE

Enzymes

protein catalysts

Coenzymes

an organic non-protein molecule that is required by an enzyme to perform its catalytic activity.

ATP synthase

an enzyme that directly generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration.

Reaction Center

absorbs light, promoting an electron to a higher energy level within the pigment.

Electron Acceptor

Place where E-'s are passed through in Photosystem II

Photophosphorylation

photo excited electrons take a alternate path Called cyclic electron flow. uses photosystem I but not II. NO NADPH is produced no O2 is produced ONLY makes ATP E- cycle back

P700

Photosystem I

P680

Photosystem II

Longest wavelength

RED

Shortest wavelength

Violet

C3 Plants

normal cycle - CO2 is taken up and fixed into 3-carbon chains(G3P)

C4 Plants

Changes PLACE of Calvin cycle -CO2 is moved into cell and makes 4-carbon chains -CO2 is moved to leaf cells

CAM plants

Changes TIME of Calvin cycle -CO2 is taken up when stomata is open and makes photosynthesis occur in DRYER conditions -Calvin cycle=during night

3 stages of light independent reactions

fixation, reduction, and regeneration

fixation

THREE molecules of five-carbon sugars (RuBP) begin the cycle. To each RuBP, a carbon atom from carbon dioxide (CO2) is added. -since this is a 6-carbon molecule, it breaks into TWO 3-carbon molecules of G3P

Reduction

A series of chemical reactions powered by ATP and NADPH converts PGA into G3P. -MOST molecules of G3P are regenerated into RuBP, -SOME are combined to form glucose. Two molecules of G3P are needed to form each molecule of glucose.

Glucose

2 G3P=____(molecule)

2 G3P

3 RuBP=___(Molecule)

Regeneration

Using the energy from ATP molecules, G3P react to form RuBP molecules. This allows the cycle to begin again.