MCAT_Biology (copy)

Chapter 1: The Cell

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cell theory

1. all living things composed of cells

2. cell = basic functional unity of life

3. cells arise only from preexisting cells

4. cells cary genetic info as DNA, this is passed parent to daughter cell

viruses

living?

eukaryotes

membrane bound organelles nucleus may form multicellular organisms

prokaryotes

cells that do not contain a nucleus

cytosol

suspends organelles allows diffusion of molecules throughout the cell soluble portion of the cytoplasm includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.

nucleus

contains all of the genetic material necessary for replication

chromosomes

linear strands of DNA that have been wound around histones

nuclear membrane

envelope surrounds nucleus double membrane w/ nuclear pores controls what goes in and out of the nucleus

nuclear pores

holes in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus

genes

DNA organized into coding regions

histones

proteins around which linear DNA is wound

nucleolus

subsection of nucleus ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesized

mitochondria

mitochondria outer membrane

barrier w/ cytosol proteins that make protein very permeable to ions & small molecules

mitochondria inner membrane

fold into cristae enzymes for ETC

cristae

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

cytosol vs. cytoplasm

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intermembrane space (mito)

b/w membrane space a large amount of H+ is concentrated here for the electron transport chain

matrix (mito)

inside inner mito membrane Krebs location

lysosomes

endosomes

transport, package and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane

autolysis

endoplasmic reticulum

rough ER

smooth ER

golgi apparatus

peroxisomes

cytoskeleton

microfilaments

actin

Thin filament of protein found in muscles

myosin

cleavage furrow

the area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell cytokinesis, mitosis

cytokinesis

mitosis division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

microtubules

tubulin

a globular protein that comprises microtububles

kinesin

Molecular motor protein that transports material anterograde to microtubule (

dynein

motor proteins in retrograde transport (up the axon toward the soma)

cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion along surf of cells

flagella

A long, whip

9 + 2 structure

Used in flagella and cilia. Nine pairs of microtubules, with two in the center.

centrioles

centrosomes

microtubule

intermediate filaments

tissues

epithelial tissues

parenchyma

functional part of the organ epithelial cells

polarization of epithelial cells

one side face lumen/outside one side face blood vessels and structural cells

epithelia by layers

epithelia by shape of cells they contain

cuboidal: cube shaped columnar: long and narrow squamous: falt, scalelike

connective tissue

support body framework for epithelial cells stroma, extracellular matrix

stroma

support structure

extracellular matrix

The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.

connective tissues (list x6)

bone cartilage tendons ligaments adipose tissue blood

prokaryotic cells

mitosis

eukaryotic cells reproduce formation 2 identical daughter cells somatic cells only

organelles

membrane bound, eukaryotes (PL bilayer) compartmentalization of functions

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA double

cytoplasmic inheritance

=extranuclear inheritance transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus ex) mito

exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane lysosome

kinetochores

Attachments between the microtubules and sister chromatids emanate from centrioles can force sister chromatids apart

basement membrane

underlying layer of connective tissue epithelial cells tightly joined to to help maintain cohesive unit

nucleoid region

prokaryotes genetic info is stored in this region

domains of life

archaea (prokaryotes) bacteria (prokaryotes) eukarya

archaea

prokaryotes cell walls w/out peptidoglycan extremophiles: harsh envrm alternative sources of energy

bacteria

prokaryotes contain cell membrane + cytoplasm mutualistic symbiotes or pathogens/parasites

mutualistic symbiosis

bacteria the living together in mutually helpful association of two dissimilar organisms

pathogenesis

bacteria development of disease

eukarya

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

bacteria classify by shape

cocci: spherical bacilli: rod

bacteria classify by metabolism

obligate aerobes obligate anaerobes facultative anaerobes aerotolerant anaerobes

obligate areobes

bacteria, metabolism requires O

obligate anaerobes

bacteria, metabolism cannot survive in O containing envrm only carry out anaerobic metabolism

facultative anaerobes

bacteria, metabolism can survive in +/

aerotolerant anaerobes

bacteria, metabolism can tolerate oxygen but cannot use it

bacterial envelope

cell wall + cell membrane control movement of solutes in/out of cell

Gram staining

A process by which components of bacterial cell walls are bound to Gram's stain. Depending on the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, bacteria stain differently and are classified as Gram

gram positive bacteria

purple thick cell wall: peptidoglycan + lipoteichoic acid

gram negative bacteria

pink

peptidoglycan

cell wall gram + and gram

lipoteichoic acid

cell wall, gram+

lipopolysaccharides

outer membrane, gram

chemotaxis

bacteria move in response to chemical stimuli chemical gradient, away from toxin or toward food

bacterial flagella

a filament composed of flagellin

• a basal body that anchors and rotates the flagellum

• a hook that connects the two