lab practical 3

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Abduction

movement away the midline

Rotation

CIRCULAR MOVEMENT AROUND AN AXIS

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Pronation

turning the palm downward

Supination

movement that turns the palm up

Eversion

turning outward

inversion

turning inward

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

plantar flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

deltoid

Action: flexion and abduction of shoulder Origin: scapula and clavicle Insertion: deltoid tuberosity

Supraspinatus

Action: abducts shoulder Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula

Infraspinatus

Action: adducts shoulder Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula

Subscapularis

Action: medially rotates shoulder Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula

teres major

Action: adducts shoulder Origin: lateral border of scapula

teres minor

Action: adducts shoulder Origin: lateral border of scapula

biceps brachii

Action: supinates elbow and assists with elbow flexion Insertion: radial tuberosity of radius

Coracobrachialis

Action: flexes and adducts shoulder Origin: coracoid process of scapula Insertion: humerus

triceps brachii

Action: PRIME MOVER extends elbow and arm at shoulder Insertion: olecranon of ulna

Brachialis

Action: PRIME MOVER flexes elbow Origin: humerus Insertion: coronoid of ulna

Brachioradialis

Action: flexes elbow and supinates forearm Origin: distal humerus Insertion: styloid process of radius

pronator teres

Action: pronates elbow Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

palmaris longus

Action: flexes wrist Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

flexor carpi radialis

Action: flexes wrist Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

flexor carpi ulnaris

Action: flexes wrist Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

flexor digitorum superficialis

Action: Flexes MP and PIP joints of digits II-V

flexor digitorum profundus

Action: Flexes DIP joints of digits II-V

flexor pollicis longus

Action: Flexes IP joints of pollex

extensor carpi radialis longus

Action: extends wrist Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

extensor digitorum

Action: Extends digits II-V at MP, PIP, DIP joints Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

extensor carpi ulnaris

Action: extends wrist Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

extensor pollicis longus

Action: Extends MP and IP of pollex

extensor pollicis brevis

Action: Extends MP and IP of pollex

abductor pollicis brevis

Action: Abducts pollex

pectoralis major

Action: PRIME MOVER- arm flexion and adduction Insertion: intertubercular sulcus of humerus

pectoralis minor

Action: Protracts scapula

serratus anterior

Action: PRIME MOVER- scapular protraction

Trapezius

Action: elevates, retracts, and depresses scapula Insertion: clavicle and scapula

latissimus dorsi

Action: PRIME MOVER- arm extension and adduction Insertion: intertubercular sulcus of humerus

rhomboid major

Action: retracts scapula

rhomboid minor

Action: retracts scapula

levator scapulae

Action: Elevates scapula

Iliopsoas

both muscles together flex hip

psoas major

Action: PRIME MOVER- flexes hip

iliacus

Action: PRIME MOVER- flexes hip

Sartorius

Action: flexes hip and knee laterally rotates thigh

Gracilis

Action: flexes hip

quadriceps femoris

Action: PRIME MOVER- extends knee insertion: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament

rectus femoris

Action: PRIME MOVER- extends knee insertion: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament superficial

vastus lateralis

Action: PRIME MOVER- extends knee insertion: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament

vastus medialis

Action: PRIME MOVER- extends knee insertion: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament Insertion:

vastus intermedius

Action: PRIME MOVER- extends knee insertion: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament Insertion:

adductor longus

Action: adducts hip

adductor magnus

Action: adducts hip

tensor fasciae latae

Action: abducts hip

gluteus maximus

Action: PRIME MOVER- extends hip; also laterally rotates hip Origin: iliac crest and sacrum Insertion: iliotibial band and gluteal tuberosity

gluteus medius

Action: abduct hip Origin: ilium Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur

gluteus minimus

Action: abduct hip Origin: ilium Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur

Piriformis

Action: laterally rotates hip

biceps femoris

Action: PRIME MOVER- flexes legs; also assists with thigh extension Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: fibula

Semitendinosus

Action: PRIME MOVER- flexes legs; also assists with thigh extension Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: tibia

Semimembranosus

Action: PRIME MOVER- flexes legs; also assists with thigh extension Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: tibia

tibialis anterior

Action: PRIME MOVER- dorsiflexion of foot; also inverts foot eith tibialis posterior

extensor digitorum longus

Action: Extends PIP and DIP joints of digits II-V

extensor hallucis longus

Action: extends MP and IP of hallux

fibularis longus

Action: everts foot

fibularis brevis

Action: everts foot

Gastrocnemius

Action: PRIME MOVER- (with soleus) plantar flexion of foot; also flexes knee Insertion: calcaneus (via the calcaneal tendon)

Soleus

Action: PRIME MOVER- (with gastrocnemius) plantar flexion of foot Insertion: calcaneus (via the calcaneal tendon)

Popliteus

Action: flexes knee

tibialis posterior

Action: plantar flexion

flexor hallucis longus

Action: Flexes MP and IP of hallux

flexor digitorum longus

Action: Flexes MP, PIP, and DIP joints of digits II-V

musculocutaneous nerve

ulnar nerve

median nerve

radial nerve

femoral nerve

sciatic nerve

tibial nerve

fibular nerve

Rotator cuff group

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Quadriceps group

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius whole group works as prime movers in extending the knee

hamstrings group

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

iliotibial band

calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon)

neuroglial cells

provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons

axon

axon hillock

myelin sheath

node of ranvier

pre-synaptic neuron

a neuron that delivers a signal to a synapse

post-synaptic neuron

the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse

synapse

nucleus

white matter

grey matter

ganglion

Nucleus (CNS)

spinal cord

anterior column

anterior horn

lateral column

lateral horn

posterior column

posterior horn

grey commissure

central canal

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus

dorsal root

ventral root

dorsal root ganglion

anterior ramus

posterior ramus

Cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

Cerebellum

Diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

brain stem

convolutions of the brain

the wrinkles and grooves of the cerebrum

gyrus

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface.

Sulcus

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

temporal lobe