final exam

GI system function

Ingestion, digestion, propulsion, secretion, absorption, elimination

Accessory organs of the digestive system

Paratoid salivary glands, teeth, tongue, sublingual salivary gland, submandibular salivary gland, liver

Propulsion

Involves peristalsis and segmentation. movement of food in 2 steps

Peristalsis

the ripple-like wave of muscular contraction (forces materials to move further along the GI tract. muscular contraction to move food further

Segmentation

mixing of material (helping to mix materials and combine them with digestive organ secretion

Oral cavity

cheeks, lips, palate, tongue, salivary, glands, and teeth Vestibule (space between lips and teeth)

Vestibule

space between lips and teeth

Salivary glands

moistens ingested materials to become a slick bolus Chemical digestion of ingested materials Antibacterial action Dissolves materials so that taste receptors on the tongue can be stimulated

Majority of saliva comes from

submandibular (60-70%)

Cranial nerve 7 controls

submandibular and sublingual (3-5% production)

Cranial nerve 9 controls

parotid 25-30% of production

teeth

Cementum Periodontal ligaments Dental alveoli Dentin Apical foramen: blood vessels and nerves Pulp cavity Enamel Crown Gingiva Neck

Deciduous teeth

Erupt between 6-30 months, 20 in number

permanent teeth

replaces deciduous teeth, 32 in number

Pharynx

Shared by the respiratory and digestive system Three skeletal muscle pairs of pharyngeal constrictors

Esophagus

made up of stratified squamous

Esophageal hiatus

the opening through the diaphragm that connects the esophagus to the stomach

Superior esophageal sphincter

at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus

Inferior esophageal sphincter

junction of the esophagus and the stomach

swallowing process

Voluntary phase Pharyngeal phase Esophageal phase

Stomach

Continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of bolus Upper left quadrant of the abdomen Four regions: cardia, fundus, body, pyloris.

Four regions of the stomach

cardia, fundus, body, pyloris

Large intestines anatomy

Tenia coli Haustum: pouches Omental appendices Attachments Sigmoid mesocolon Transverse mesocolon Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal

Musculans mucosa

right underneath the intestinal gland

Liver

right lobes, left lobes, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe

Falciform ligament

separates the left and right lobe

Porta hepatitis

Hepatic artery proper Common hepatic duct Hepatic portal vein

Common hepatic duct

vile comes out of the liver and goes up to the gallbladder

Branch of the hepatic portal vein

brings blood to the liver

The hepatic vein

takes blood out of the liver from there to the inferior vena cava

Right and left hepatic ducts merge

to form a common hepatic duct

Common hepatic and cystic ducts merge

to form a common bile duct

Sphincter hepatopancreatic

bile duct and pancreatic duct join together to pancreas and bile to drain into the duodenum

Pancreas

99% produces digestive enzymes (cell acinar) 1 % produces insulin hormones (pancreatic islet)

Kidney

1 million nephrons in each kidney Location: around T12 8-12 lobes Cortex Medulla Sinus nephron

Blood circulation inside the kidney

Afferent arteriole= glomerulus= efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries

Vasa recta

forms the same shape as loop of henle ( U shape) makes urine concentrated

Juxtaglomerural apparatus

controls blood pressure

Renal corpuscle

Bowman's capsule glomerulus

Macula densa

a wall of distal convoluted tube

Granular cells

contain renin (on the wall of the afferent arteriole there is some smooth muscle in these cells) which are called juxtaglomerular cells

Podocyte cells

sitting on top of capillaries (cells of visceral membrane)

Pedicles

blood before entering Bowman's capsule

Distal convoluted tube and collective tube

ADH and aldosterone target for these hormones

Urinary tract

Ureters

Fibro muscular

wall contains 3 layers Mucosa Muscularis Adventitia

When the wall of the bladder contract

closes the ureters

Urinary bladder

Mucosa and Submucosa Muscularis Adventitia

Urethra

Takes out the urine, females is shorter, male is longer

3 parts of male urethra

Prostatic Membranous Spongy

Gonads

produce sex cells called gametes

Ovaries

oocytes (XX). anchored to pelvis by folds of peritonium

Testes

sperm (XY)

Accessory organs of female reproductive system

Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Clitoris Mammary glands

Perineum

2 triangles; Urogenital and anal triangle

Urogenital

urethriel orifice base of penis and scrotum. form pubic symphysis to the ischial tuberosity.

Anal triangle

ischial tuberosity to coccyx

Vescicouterine pouch

between the bladder and uterus

Rectouterine pouch

between uterus and anus

Antevert

bending forward of the uterus (towards the bladder)

Retrovert

bending forward of the uterus (towards the bladder)

Ovaries

ligaments that hold them

Mesovarium

back wall. mesenteric part of ovaries attaching to wall.

Broad ligament

covers everything like a sheet

Suspensory ligament

side wall, to the wall of the pelvis

Layers of the uterus

Endometrium Myometrium Perineitrium Vagina Vulva

Uterus ligaments

Round ligament Transverse ligament: cervix to side wall Uterosacral ligament

Cervix

Internal OS, cervical canal, external OS

Primordial

1 layer of simple squamous

primary

2 layers of cuboidal

Secondary

antrum(cavity) egg still in the center

Matur

antrum huge and egg pushed to the side (vesicular follicle)

Uterus

fondus and body

Follicles

egg and sheet that covers it

primordial follicles

2 million when your born

Covering the egg

Primordial follicle Primary follicles Secondary follicle Mature follicle

Ogonium

creates the 2 million eggs (before born)

Primary oocyte

daughter of oogonium. Doesn't complete mitosis

Mature follicle

secondary oocyte contains 23 chromosomes. Each chromosome has two copies. This is what women ovulate

Sperm

will make it change or separate into two copies

Ovum

sperm gets in 23 chromosomes

Corpus luteum

stays alive for 2 weeks and chains into corpus albicans

Sperm

24 hours to 48 hours alive

egg

3 days alive

Bronchial trees

Upper respiratory tract Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Pharynx

Lower respiratory tract

Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

Respiratory functions

Breathing Sound production Olfaction Defense

Pharynx

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Opening to auditory tube

Posterior nasopharnyx

wall houses a single pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

Oropharynx

begins at the end of the soft palate and ends at the hyoid bone. at the end of the oral cavity. non-keratinized stratified squamous

Bronchial tree

Trachea Left primary bronchus Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles

Lobar bronchi

Secondary Three on the right Two on the left

Bronchopulmonary segment

right lung has 10, left lung has 8-10

Bronchiole

less than 1mm diameter and are lined in simple columnar or simple squamous are lined pseudostratified columnar epithelium. dosen’t have cartilgae

Alveolar type 1 cells

simple squamous epithelium

Alveolar type 2 cells

almost cuboidal in shape, produces pulmonary surfactant (decreses surface tension within the alveolis and prevents the collapse of alveoli

Voice box

supported by 9 cartilages

Alveolar macrophages

dust cells

The respiratory membrane

consists of; plasma membrane

Paranasal sinuses

Frontal Ethmoidal Sphenoidal maxillary Air spaces make bone lighter

Larynx function

Passageway Prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract Produces sound for speech Assist in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity Partcipiates in both sneeze and cough reflex

larynx anatomy

Thyroid cartilage: is the largest cartilage No posterior wall Laryngeal prominence Cricoid cartilage Aryteroid cartilages Crniculate cartialges Cuneiform cartilages Epiglottis

Vocal folds

Vocal ligaments covered by a mucous membrane

Rima Glottis

opening between the vocal folds

Trachea

Windpipe Anterior to the esophagus 2.5cm in diameter and 12-14cm in length C-shape tracheal cartialges Connected by trachealis ligaments Annular ligaments: connects tracheal cartilage to each other Lined C-shape pseudostratified columnar epithelium Has much secreting goblet cells

Corona radiata

folicular cells that surround the egg that is going to be released

corpus luteum

Stays alive for 2 weeks Creates progesteron Holds the wall of the uterus

Granulosa cells

Produce estrogen Builds the wall of the uterus

Fallopian tube

Only touches the ovary when ovulating Measures 10-12cm Onfundibulan fimbriae Ampulla Isthmus Uterine par Fallopian is going to attach to the back wall by mesosalpinx also broad ligament holds the tube

Pre-embryo

Sperm and egg combine Takes 3 days to get to uterus Doing mitosis on its way The egg feed the zygote After implantation blood vessels are going to surround egg and give it nutrition

Endometrium 2 layers

Functional Basalae layer Functional is the one we loose to ovulation

Mucosa

ciliated columnar epithelial

Msucularis

inner circular smooth muscle and outer longitudinal smooth muscle and serosa

Walls of the uterus

Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium

nothing

nothing \

Vagina

Fibromuscular tube 10 cm Nonkeratinezed stratified squamous 3 tunics Highly vascular Lamina propira Muscularis Adventitia

Vulva

External genitalia Hymen Vagina Labia minora Urethra Clirotis

Mons Pubis

Skin with hair

Labia Majora

Folds with hair secretes sweat and has sebaceous glands

Labia minora

Fold with no hair; melanocytes for darker girls

Vestibule

Has urethra and vaginal orifice

Prepuce

Covers the clitoris

greater vestibular gland

Secretion during intercourse for lubrication (bartholin gland)

Mammary glands

Lobes and lobules

Lobules

Contain alveoli that produces milk

Lactiferous duct

Collect milk from lobules each one

Lactiferous sinus

Opening the outside to deliver the milk

Male reproductive system primary organs

Testes

Accessory organs

Prostate Penis Seminal vesicle

Epididymis

24-48 hours sperm takes here to mature

Ampulla of ductus deferens

End of ductus

Seminal vesicle

Seminal vesicle Produces 60% of semen, comes together to the end of the ductus, deferens mix with sperm

Ejaculatory duct

Collects sperm and semen and sends it to prostatic urethra

Prostatic urethra

Part of the urethra inside prostate

Bulbourethral gland

Cleans the urethra. produces the rest of semen

Prostate produces

Semen 20-25% the res is produced in the bulbourethra gland

Scrotum

Temp 3° below normal body temp Dartos muscle External spermatic fascia Cremaster muscle within cremasteric Contracts to keep 3° less Internal spermatic fascia Testis

Testis layers

Testis layers Tunica vaginallis Tunica albugina Lobules

Tunica vaginallis

contains visceral and parietal layers

Tunica albugina

creates lobules

Spermatogonia

Produces sperm every day Does mitosis and one will become sperm the other will become spermatogonia

Sustentacular cells

Lighter and bigger, nondividing blood-testis barrier

Rete testis

Area of collection before epidedidymis

Spermatid

Immature sperm

Sperminogensis

Immature sperm becomes sperm

Intersitial cells

Creates testosterone and its outside tube

Spongy urethra

surrounding it corpus sponginiosum, corpus cavernosum and glans

laryngopharynx

nonkertanized stratified squamous. ex: superior vocal folds