Cardiovascular

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Define Blood

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Define Blood

-fluid connective tissue

-cells in a fluid Extra Cellular Matrix

-ECM: Plasma 90% water and 10% solutes (protiens, nutrients, wastes, gas, electrolytes)

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What are the types of blood cells?

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Plateletes

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Define an erythrocyte?

-anucleate biconcave disks

-live about 120 days

-new cells from red marrow

-old cells removed in the liver and spleen

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How many types of leukocytes are there?

5 types

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Define a platelete

-important for blood clotting

-made from megakaryocytes

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Define a megakaryocyte

Big cells that break apart into platelets

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Where does hemapoeisis happen?

Red bone marrow

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What do erythroblasts become?

erythroblasts become erythrocytes

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Define Leukemia

Cancer of the blood

possible treatment is bone marrow transplant

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Define Anemia

not enough red blood cells

possible treatment is bone marrow transplant

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Where is the heart located?

located in the mediastinum (between the lungs)

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Going deeper into the mediastinum where is the heart located

Located in the pericardium

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Define Endocarditis

-a ruptured endocardium

-ruptures red blood cells

-caused by IV drug use and poor nursing care

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Explain the Wall of the Heart

Parietal Pericardium - allows it to attach to surrounding tissues

Fibrous layer- moderately dense CT w/ adipose CT

Serous Layer- simple squamous ET , provides frictionless surface for heart contraction

Pericardial Space with Pericardial Fluid- reduces friction

Visceral Pericardium “Epicardium”

Serous Layer - Simple Squamous ET

Fibrous layer- areolar CT w/ Adipose CT

Myocardium- Cardiac Muscle Tissue, contraction (thickest layer)

Endocardium

Areolar CT- provides nutrients to ET

Endothelium- simple squamous ET, provides a smooth surface for red blood cells to protect from rupture

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What kind of cells are in cardiac muscles and what are their qualities?

-Y Shaped cells

-Striated

-One nucleus

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Define intercalated disks

Gap junctions that connect different cells

specifically connect muscle cells together

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What are the two most important qualities about Cardiac Muscle?

- Cardiac muscle does NOT regenerate

- Cardiac muscle needs constant oxygen

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Define the steps to the Pathway of the blood

Right Side (Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus) → Dumps blood to the Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Semi Lunar Valve → Pulmonary Trunk → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Bicuspid Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Semi Lunar Valve → Aorta → (body drops off O2 and Picks up CO2) → Superior Vena Cava

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Define a cuspid valve

-prevent blood from going back into the atrium when ventricles contract

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What kind of valve is on the right side of the heart?

Tricuspid Valve

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What kind of valve is on the left side of the heart?

Bicuspid “Mitral” Valve

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What are the valves of the heart attached to?

Chordae Tendineae “heart strings” which are attached to Papillary Muscles which prevent valve prolapse

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What are the two types of semilunar valves?

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

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Define a semilunar valve

Prevent blood from going back into ventricles during relaxation

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In which direction do arteries go?

Arteries are blood vessels going AWAY from the heart

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In which direction do veins go?

Veins are blood vessels going TOWARDS the heart

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What makes the “Lub” sound of the heart beat?

Cuspid Valves closing

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What makes the “Dub” sound of the heart beat?

Semilunar Valves closing

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Define a heart murmur

When valves do not close properly

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Define a prolapsed valve and how do we fix this?

The valve did not close but it also went in the wrong direction, this commonly happens in the mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

-to fix this we replace the valve with a cow or pig valve

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Define the sinoatrial node

“Pacemaker” of the heart

-starts contraction of the heart

sends signals to both atria which then goes to Atrioventricular Node which cause decay

and goes through

Conduction Fibers which make ventricles contract

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What do blood clots cause?

Myocardial Infarction- heart attack

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How do we prevent Myocardial Infarction?

-Cardiovascular exercise

-the heart grows more blood vessels with cardio

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Define a Coronary Bypass

taking a blood vessel from somewhere else in the body and putting it in the heart to bypass the blood clot

-this can prevent heart attacks

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Define a stint

Wire mesh that we put into the blood vessels to flatten the clot

-in the wall of the heart

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Define the Embryonic Development of the Heart

1). two tubes that pump

2). Two tubes fuse together

3). Two tubes fold and become the heart

4). Fully functioning heart at 1 month

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What are the two parts of the fetal heart that are not in the adult heart?

Foramen Ovale- a hole between the Left and Right Atria

Ductus Arteriosus- connects pulmonary trunk to the aorta

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What does the foramen ovale become after birth?

Fossa Ovales

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What does the Ductus Arteriosus become after birth?

Ligamentum Arteriosum

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Define the Patent Foramen Ovale

This is what the foramen ovale is called if it does not close when the baby is born

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Define Tertralogy of Fallot

Two tubes fuse but DO NOT fold over

causing 4 major problems with the heart

-often leading to 3 major open heart surgeries in 12 years

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Define the Anatomy of A Blood Vessel

  1. Tunica Intima

    A. Endothelium - prevents red blood cells from rupturing (Simple Squamous ET)

    B. Subendothelium- nourishes ET (areolar CT)

  2. Tunica Media

    Smooth Muscle - Vasoconstriction

    Elastic Fibers - recoil

  3. Tunica Adventica

    Dense Irregular CT that loosens

    -protects

    -provides physical strength

    -attachment/anchor

    Vaso Vasorum- “blood vessels of the blood vessels”

    -blood vessels that supply tissues

    (only in big large organs)

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