inr exam 2

people

are essential to any political institution

people and the social contract

people are active in the social contract people can decide they no longer want to be apart of the contract

example of people and the social contract

it took 10 years for soviet union to collapse collapsed peacefully because people wanted change gorbachev said army wouldnt intervene if they decided they wanted to break apart like czechoslovakia wanting to be two different states

problem of order

has been affected by global issues like health and the economy

without the people

there is no social contract and there is no order the solution to issues of power come from the people

people and political anarchy

people need to be active, individual agents because of political anarchy because no one is in charge and no state can take control

citizenship can be seen as

within the states

globalization

the interdependence and interconnectedness of states

the first debate of citizenship

should citizenship be primarily local or global?

the second debate of citizenship

can non state institutions be places for the exercise of the rights and duties of citizenship?

the notion of citizenship is tied to?

a government

examples of citizenship being tied to government

travel documents like passports can be regional, like were countries in the EU allow for people to travel between countries easily

the third debate of citizenship

can we think of who are the global citizens?

citizenship is given...

and defines who people are in the world but the concept is limited and often leads to migrants being stuck and left without citizenship

is citizenship a constructed concept?

yes

citizenship is...

an exercise of power by the state either given at birth or after completing certain forms

it is necessary to

question usual notions of power apply a new concept of power

migration

is essential to human life on the planet

states have the power to decide

who becomes a citizen or not

example of symbolic notion of power

by practice and constitution, the queen doesnt really participate in politics lol the monarchy is a symbolic role unless they have to approve a new PM

citizenship has more

symbolic value than politics

defining feature of world politics

is that we do not have a world government

global citizen

someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices

to be a global citizen

means that one must act as a global citizen

acting as a global citizen

can occur through ngos and social media use of technology

the internet

a symbolic space that cannot be controlled

symbolic gestures, rituals, and words

deal with the cultures and values of the human people therefore play a role in politics because what is important to them becomes an issue of life and death

symbols

can be a form of political action example: women in iran taking off their hijabs in protest against the morality police

two aspects of sovereignty

internal/domestic external dimension

internal/domestic sovereignty

the government is the highest legal authority over its land and the people the government is called the sovereign the states in the us also have their own levels of sovereignty

example of internal/domestic sovereignty

laws specific to florida do not apply to rest of the us

external dimension

beyond the control of any one state states see each other as having their own level of sovereignty and recognize laws and powers of other states can also be that states reject/ignore sovereignty

external sovereignty is granted by

outsiders and other states

example of external sovereignty

palestine wanting their own state but the international community does not see them as sovereign

you can claim internal sovereignty but...

it does not equal external sovereignty

sovereignty

the deployment and exercise of power

the notion of global citizenship...

cannot be controlled by the states

internet and power

before the internet, states could declare where their power applied now that is no longer possible because of social media and hacking it has redefined sovereignty

every person as an individual...

is an agent as a social individual

social individuals

have the power as a human being to transform the world and the ability to carve out their own spheres of autonomy and freedom to act

populism aims

to stand up for the people

populism can weaken or strengthen...

global citizenship

populism

a political tendency that seeks to separate the people of an imagined heartland from allegedly self-interested and corrupt elites

another way to phrase populism

the conditions you are living in are responsible because of a certain group of people

populism asserts

that the elites are responsible for the social and economic problems perceived to affect "the people" or "the nation"

populism proposes

that the people are the way to fix whats wrong in the state

populism and italy's elections

a new government was elected by a new prime minister who is a part of a neo fascist party that came from wwii fascism all while claiming to be speaking for the people

populism and the cold war

the western and eastern fronts would describe each other in the same terms

populism is always a

risk in a democratic system

populists

blur the line between truth and falsehood when trying to separate the two groups

populism's changes

changes in place changes in time changes in scope

umbrella revolution

2014 and 2018-2020 in hong kong umbrellas became a symbol of protests during the events involved popular protests against authoritarian rule and lack of democracy

opec

organization of petroleum exporting countries

if opec increases or decreases oil prices...

it affects our livelihood

why is power important important in world politics?

because of anarchy nobody is fully in control so more power means you have more control on the world stage

power allows for

countries to act in their own self interest

symbolic power

protecting symbolic power

every country has big power so when anything bad is said, they try to disprove it and defend their image in order to protect their symbolic power

rhetorical threats have to be

followed up with action

different types of power are always...

competing

limited/traditional concept of power

actor A controls actor B to do what B would not otherwise do

example of limited/traditional power

russia forcing ukraine to abide by the wishes of the kremlin and putin

resolve of the people to defend their homeland

can be stronger than nuclear war examples: ukraine, vietnam, wars of liberation

political anarchy means

that international law is different from domestic law

international court of justice

a court established to settle disputes between members of the united nations works differently because we do not have a centralized agency thats in business of enforcing the law

the classical example of power

the balance of power

cold war

equal amount of power between russia and the us both balanced each others power with equal influence across the world

pakistan and india

under british rule, it was one country ethnic conflict after the rule made it so muslim indians broke off into pakistan they had wars between each other and didnt sign a treaty but now they balance each others powers india obtained its first bomb then pakistan

interdependence and technology

makes borders more open therefore classical balance of power is no longer a form of interpretation and analysis of governments and conflicts

scholars of world politics

employ multiple conceptions of power and have developed different conceptual frameworks that encourage rigorous attention to power in its different forms

power is

the production in and through social relations of effects that shape the capabilities of actors and determine their circumstances and fate

social relations

interactions between actors

blaming and shaming

states dont like to be shamed or blamed even if they know theyve done something wrong they refuse to be shamed on the world stage

if you dont have capacities to determine your fate

you do not have power

capacities can be

economic political social

two crucial dimensions to understanding power

how power is expressed the specificity of social relations of power

how power is expressed

the kinds of social relations through which actors capacities are shaped and manifested

the specificity of social relations of power

direct diffuse

direct

immediate

diffuse

indirect

diplomacy

knowing what to not to say or when to say it

opec and oil

working together to affect oil prices shows how they are a part of a social relations network since they are held accountable by each other

nopec

amend sherman act to make oil producting and exporting cartels illegal meant to punish opec countries by raising prices of oil by reducing production of oil

russia and opec

they want to produce more because the war in ukraine has put their economy in shambles

compulsory power

one actor has direct control over another actor

example of compulsory

russia invading ukraine to punish them for not siding with russia using nuclear weapons to deter

institutional power

actors' control over socially distant others

example of institutional power

united nations is a huge institution un security council un can sanction russia

institution

a set of rules, resources, actors, and practices

key features of institutions (arrpp)

actors rules resources practices persistence

the biggest key feature of an institution

persistence in time

the overlap between institutional power and compulsory power

institutional power may want to force others or refrain from others to do something example: economic sanctions on the un or when afghanistan in 2001

productive power

production of agents through diffuse social relations it produces us the agents and gives us power

example of productive power

markets produce citizens as consumers and producers colonial occupation of country produces local citizens as freedom fighters

all three types of power

are often working in combination with each other

power can involve being

powerful and not being powerful at the same time

to be power and not to be powerful

the logic that should be applied in trying to understand power and exercise

the executive

is in charge of defining and acting on behalf of the country when dealing with the outside world

hans j morgenthau

german politics among nations believed states power comes from material capabilities

two power changes in the 70s

emergence of 120 nations the cold war

what do states worry about?

survival, therefore they are unitary

morgenthau felt that states were...

unitary

states can never be certain...

about other states' institutions because of anarchy

national interest

is defined in terms of power if you do not have power, national interest is in danger

why do states want to get more power?

because survival is defined by how much power you have

examples of power for survival

biden not wanting the us to rely on outside resources

morgenthau believed in

the idea of self reliance

power is not always about

material power example: russia is falling behind and cant keep land annexed but ukraine is more persistent and resilient

gorbachev

dissolved the soviet union promoted economic and political reform (glasnost and perestroika)

the end of the soviet union

led to the idea that authoritarian regimes can be absolved peacefully

steffano guzzini

power, realism, and constructivism

steffano guzzino

the concept of power plays an important role into our political life

the concept of power

defines that space of political action and its justification it is what we think of it and define it

attributing power is not innocent...

it implies that things could have been done otherwise

what does power do?

constructs/destructs/reconstructs

its how one thinks about the other actor...

that makes you decide if you give them power or not

power that constructs/destructs/reconstructs

power is essential and defines the agency of actors

the moment you're an agent

you have a level of power

because attributions of power define the realm of politics...

they are a part of politics

unipolarity

one hegemonic power

bipolarity

two powers in control

multipolarity

multiple competing powers

internal sovereignty

when the government has the highest authority over the people can the government do what it needs to do to run its institutions within its own borders seen as legitimate

external sovereignty

can the state act on the world stage without interference from anyone else can they accomplish their goals on a global stage

soft power

based on influencing someone to do something

hard power

traditional sense having military and guns to flex on the world stage

diffuse power is more about

how authority spreads

direct power is more

traditional

concept of a global citizen

like minded individuals across the globe, cross-cultural assimilations

example of global citizen

the emergence of a lingua franca or a common language

can you be stateless and still be a global citizen?

yyes

global citizenship encompasses

global goals and beliefs

schengen area

passports are not required more regional and global you can live and work visa free

eu is trying to establish

supernational citizenship

citizenship

generally refers to the legal status (rights and duties) between an individual and the national state in which they reside in

how do global citizens perceive themselves?

as members of a global community such people are aware of the wider world, respect and value diversity and are willing to

citizenship as a legal status

in the us, you gain it when youre born in the us other countries hand it out based on if their grandparents were born there

hans morgenthau summarized

states are unitary actors, regional thinkers states possess power through material capabilities national interest and actions are dictated by power uncertain about other states' intentions international system = anarchic emphasis on domination

stefano guzzini summarized

power is important and defines the space of a political action power is not innocent power constructs/destructs/reconstructs the world definition and assignment of power is itself exercising power

michel foucault summarized

power relations are all in social interactions omnipresent and ubiquitous capillary power and resistance is a key relationship

power and resistance

is a key relationship with perpetuating negotiation between power and resistance

pierre bourdieu summarized

symbolic power the power to impose upon other minds a vision, old or new, of social divisions depends on the social authority acquired in previous struggles

symbolic capital according to bourdieu

its a credit it is the power granted to those who have obtained sufficient recognition to be in a position to impose recognition

populist movements abuse...

symbolic power