isci 2001 midterm

eye piece lens

The lens you look through – normally 10x or 15x magnification

coarse focus adjustment

Moves the lens up or down and adjusts focus

fine focus adjustment

Moves the lens in order to make very small adjustments to gain better focus

base

The bottom of the microscope used for stability

high-power objective

For increased magnification – usually 10x, 40x and 100x magnification

stage

Where the slide is held/placed

diaphragm

Varies intensity of the light projected upwards onto the slide

light source

Sends light onto the specimen/slide

cell

smallest unit of organization of a living thing

plasma membrane

what encloses a cell

organelles

things within a cell that carry out specific functions

unicellular

made of 1 cell-- bacteria, yeast (fungus), algae, paramecium

multicellular

consisting of many cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems-- plants, animals

organelles visible under microscope

nucleus, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole (in plants), sometimes chloroplast

plant cell under microscope

more rigid (cell wall), vacuole visible, chloroplast

plant organelles

chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole

pond v stream

pond water specimen had more living elements within them

base pairing

A-T, G-C

DNA structure

nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group

codon

a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid

amino acid

what is formed during translation

natural selection

traits and characters that improve survival of individuals within a population will increase

peppered moths

textbook example of natural selection/ adapting to changing environment

camouflage

disguise by camouflaging; exploit the natural surroundings to disguise something; physical adaptation that allows survival for species

organism classification (in order)

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

systematics

study of relationships between organisms

homologous traits

when 2 organisms share a body structure that was passed down from a common ancestor

analogous traits

organisms possess body structures that serve similar functions but arose independently during evolution

domains

bacteria, eukarya, archaea

bacteria

contains cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria

archaea

contains halophiles and thermophiles

eukarya

contains fungi, animals, plants, chromists, alveolates, rhodophytes, flagellates, basal protists

list of kingdoms

animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, archaebacteria, eubacteria

archaebacteria

live in extreme environments (in terms of salinity-halophiles, temperature-thermophiles, and methane content)

examples of archaebacteria

bathyarchaeota, thermo coccusitoralis, halobacterium salinarium

eubacteria

really small, no membrane bound organelles, single cell

eubacteria examples

streptococcus, anabaeria, e. coli, lactobacillus bulgaris

protista

eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds-- weird traits (span across other kingdoms)

protista examples

micrasterias, craticula

fungi

decomposers, heterotrophs, cell wall

fungi examples

mushrooms, shelf fungus, yeast

heterotroph

do not make own food; rely on outside source for energy

plantae

cell wall, photosynthetic, multicellular, usually autotrophic

autotroph

can make own energy from either chemical or solar energy

animalia

multicellular heterotrophs

animalia examples

nurse shark, octopus, turtle, rabbit, stink bug, snake, bat, bird, spider, squid, frog

plantae examples

pine, sweetgum, mountain mint, cedar, moss, fern, grass, swamp lily

phylum

in the animal kingdom, this is where organisms with and without backbone are split

chordata

comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord

cnidaria

has stinging nematocysts

cnidaria examples

jellyfish, sea anemone

porifera

organisms with pores

porifera example

sponges

nematoda

roundworms

nematoda example

pig heartworm

annelida

segmented worms

annelida examples

earthworms and leeches

platyhelminthes

flatworms

platyhelminthes examples

sheep liver fluke, tape worms

echinodermata

radially symmetrical marine invertebrates; organisms with spiny skin

echinodermata examples

sea cucumber, starfish, sand dollar, sea urchin

arthropoda

invertebrate organisms with jointed legs

arthropoda examples

mantis, longhorned beetle, lychee stink bug, cockroach, bee, butterfly, moth, lubber grasshopper, stick bug, cricket, cicada, dragonfly, crawfish, crab, centipede spider

mollusca

gastropods; bivalves; cephalopods

gastropoda

snails and slugs and their relatives

gastropoda example

whelk shell

cephalopoda

body symmetry, prominent head, arms/ tentacles

cephalopoda examples

squid, octopus, cuttlefish

bivalve

marine or freshwater mollusks having a soft body with platelike gills enclosed within two shells hinged together

bivalve examples

mussels, clams, oysters

ichthes

class containing fishes

bony fish

catfish, perch, swordtail fish

jawless fish

east atlantic hagfish, lamprey

cartilaginous fish

nurse shark, bull shark

mammalia

class of warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female

monotremes

mammals that lay eggs

monotreme examples

echidna, platypus

marsupial

mammals of which the females have a pouch containing the teats where the young are fed and carried

marsupial examples

opossum, kangaroo, koala

placental

mammals having a placenta; all mammals except monotremes and marsupials

placental examples

rabbit, armadillo, raccoon, bat, deer, human

reptilia

class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; lay eggs on land

reptilia examples

rattlesnake, water snake, alligator, turtle, lizard

amphibia

the class of vertebrates that live on land but breed in water

amphibia examples

salamander, frog

aves

the class of birds

aves examples

owl, finch, red-tailed hawk, zosterops, peacock

primary producers

transform solar energy to energy all other organisms can use

herbivore

any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants

carnivore

heterotrophs that consume herbivores or other carnivores

decomposers

heterotrophs that consume dead or decaying matter

trophic

each step up on food chain can only utilize 10% of the energy from the level below it

niche

the role an organism plays in the ecosystem in terms of relationships with other organisms and abiotic factors

commensalism

the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it

mutualism

relationship between two types of organisms when both benefit from the relationship

predation

one organism consumes another

competition

2 organisms utilize the same LIMITED resource

parasitism

the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it