online quiz #2

trait approach

- personality traits are stable over time - personality can change

personality traits

degree to which a person is shy, creative, friendly, etc and is fairly consistent from year to year and even over decades

rank-order change vs. stability

people tend to maintain in the way in which they are different from other people of the same age

mean-level change vs. stability

at the mean level you can see that there is change

change, maintain

As we grow older our personality ________ but relative to other people we ________ our ranks.

personality development

change in the mean level of a personality trait over time

ego development

ability to deal with the social and physical world and to think for oneself when making moral decisions

cohort effects

people of different ages may differ because they grew up in different social and physical environments

longitudinal studies

- same people are repeatedly measured over the years - better method for studying development

temperament

the "personality" of a very young, pre-verbal child

temperament

__________ is partially determined by genetics.

heterotypic continuity

the reflection of consistency of fundamental differences in personality that changes with age

Physical factors

________ ________ affect the experiences people have and are consistent throughout life.

Environmental factors

_______ _______ affect how people think, feel, and behave.

Birth order

_____ _____ IS NOT responsible for rank-order stability or personal differences among people.

early adverse experience

- rejection by parents predicts difficulty forming relationships - being bullied predicts anxiety, paranoid thoughts, disorganized thinking - stress during childhood from poverty or maltreatment predicts stronger emotional reactions to daily stress

positive adverse experience

- more educated parents have adult children who are more open, extraverted, and emotionally stable - cognitive stimulating activities, physical comfort, and present father predicts higher self-esteem

person-environment transactions

people tend to respond to, seek out, and create environments that are compatible with and magnify personality traits

active person-environment transaction

people seek out situations that are compatible with their personalities or avoid situations that they perceive as incompatible

reactive person-environment transaction

people with different personalities react differently to the same situations

evocative person-environment transaction

people do not choose their environment they change them

psychological maturity

behavioral consistency for traits that help one fulfill adult roles

cumulative continuity principle

personality becomes stable with age

maturity principle

people become better at dealing with the demands of life with age

plasticity principle

personality can change at any time but it may be difficult

role continuity principle

taking on a role can lead to consistency over time

identity development principle

consistency from self-view

social investment principle

changing social roles can cause personality change

corresponsive principle

person-environment transactions can cause personality traits to remain consistent even magnify over time

causes of development

- intelligence and linguistic ability increase steadily throughout childhood and early adolescence - hormone levels change throughout childhood - different social roles throughout different stages of life - life demands different things at different stages of life so conscientiousness fluctuates

social clock

the traditional expectations of society for when a person is expected to have achieved certain goals

three

Every individual develops ______ aspects of identity one on top of the other.

actor

an individual develops the skills, traits, and roles that will allow one to begin to take place in society

agent

a person who is guided by goals and values

author

when one can tell their life story

psychotherapy

_____________ can produce long term behavioral changes.

conditions for personality change

1. person must think that changing some aspect of personality is desirable and change is possible 2. person must follow up by beginning to change the relevant behaviors one by one 3. over time changed behaviors will become habitual 4. may find that those traits have stabilized higher than before

biological approach

personality traits reflect physiological differences, are strongly influenced by genetics, and are rooted in evolutionary history

regions, circuits, networks

______, _______, and _______ in the brain are associated with particular aspects of personality and social behavior.

neuroscience

studies people with specific brain damage

Phineas Gage

- a dynamite explosion sent a 3ft rod through his left cheek into the frontal lobes of his brain - caused an inability to emotionally react to decision making - frontal lobes control impulsivity and self control

pruning

the neural connections that don't get used become disconnected due to the conditioning of the environment we are in

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

uses rapidly changing magnetic fields to temporarily "knock out" areas of brain activity

electroncenphalography (EEG)

electrodes are placed on the scalp to pick up electrical signals generated by the brain activity underneath

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

uses delicate sensors to direct magnetic indication of brain activity

positron emission tomography (PET scans)

creates map of the brain activity by following the location of harmless radioactive transfer injected into the bloodstream

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

monitors magnetic pulses generated by oxygen in the bloodstream where the brain is most active in a given moment

frontal lobe

- part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead - the ability to plan ahead, anticipate consequences, and for aspects of emotional experiences

amygdala

- an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum - links perceptions and thoughts with emotional meaning

anterior cingulate

- important for experiencing normal emotions inhibited by the amygdala - controlling emotional responses and behavior impulses

posterior cingulate

important for processing information about time and space in reacting rapidly to stressful situations

hypothalamus

secretes several hormones

hippocampus

processes memories

thalamus

regulates arousal

neurotransmitters

critical for communication between neurons

dopamine

High levels of _______ lead to exploratory behavior, positive emotion, and responsiveness to rewards.

serotonin

Low levels of _______ lead to depression, anxiety, and obsessive worrying.

hormones

biological chemicals that affect the entire body

testosterone

High levels of _______ are associated with dominance, aggression, and competitiveness, and increased violent crime.

cortisol

Chronically high ______ leads to anxiety and depression

cortisol

Chronically low _______ leads to failure to respond to danger.

oxytocin

- mother-child bonding - romantic attachment and sexual response - decrease fearfulness - increases perceptions of trustworthiness and attractions in others

cognition, emotion

__________ and __________ are extremely intertwined.

persistance

the ability to complete a task in the face of obstacles and in the absence of immediate rewards

c-system

involved in effortless, reflective thinking about self and others

x-system

involved in effortless, reflective social thought

behavioral genetics

addresses how personality traits that differ among individuals are passed from parent to child and shared by biological relatives

eugenics

belief that humanity could be improved through selective breeding

heritability coefficient

percentage of the variance of a trait in the population that can be attributed to variance in genes

heritability

examines how phenotypes may be attributed to variation in genotypes

Turkheimer's First Law

"everything is heritable" all traits vary

What does heritability tell you?

- genes matter - insight into effects to the environment

What does heritability not tell you?

- does not solve the nature vs. nurture puzzle - does not explain how genes affect personality

How does the environment interact with genes?

- learning: neural circuits built by genes - epigenetics: turns genes on or off

gene-environment interactions

the genotype only provides the design so it affects the behavioral phenotype indirectly by influencing biological structure and physiology as they develop within an environment

evolutionary approach

assumes that human behavioral patterns developed because they were helpful or necessary for survival in the evolutionary history of the species

altruism

a tendency to aid and protect other people

inclusive fitness

protecting those around you to ensure the survival of your own genes

self-esteem

Feelings of ____-______ evolved to monitor the degree to which a person is accepted by others.

psychodynamic approach

assumes that personality reflects the unique ways in which each person has resolved

free association

instructing the patient to say whatever came to mind

psychological determinism

biologically based drives creates needs, wishes, and fears that determine behavior

internal structure

made of parts that can function independently and conflict with each other

id

all drives and urges

ego

constrains the id to reality

super-ego

internalized values

compromise formation

the ego's main hob is to find a middle course between the competing demands of morality, motivation, and practicality and among the many things a person wants at the same time

dreams

Freud said "wishes suppressed during the day assert themselves in ______".

defense mechanism

resolve conflict and reduce anxiety

repression

unpleasant thoughts and feelings are pushed out of awareness

denial

convincing yourself that an unpleasant or traumatic event did not or will not occur

displacement

threatening impulse/desire is redirected elsewhere

rationalization

generating logical reasons for outcomes that otherwise would not be acceptable

reaction formation

to block an unacceptable impulse the exact opposite behaviors/desires are displayed

projection

projecting one's own unacceptable qualities onto others

sublimination

convert unacceptable desire into acceptable behavior

experiences

Early _________ shape adult personality development.

psychosexual development

how life, energy, and libido becomes invested and then redirected over an individuals early years

secondary process thinking

the conscious part of the ego that thinks

primary process thinking

the way the unconscious mind operates and how the id is said to operate

conscious mind

least important layer that is the part of the mental functioning

preconscious mind

consists of ideas you are not thinking about at the moment by that you could bring to the consciousness

unconscious

most important layer buried deep in the mind

forgetting

a manifestation of an unconscious conflict revealing itself in your behavior

slips

unintended actions caused by the leakage of suppressed thoughts or impulses

collective unconscious

set of culturally transmitted unconscious set of ideas that drives our behavior

archetypes

fundamental images of people that are contained in the collective unconscious

psychosocial development

certain basic conflicts arise at different stages of life

attachment theory

patterns of relationships with others that are consistently repeated with different partners throughout life

strange situation

experiment in which a child is briefly separated from then reunited with their mother

anxious-ambivalent children

come from home situations where their caregivers behaviors are inconsistent

avoidant children

come from homes where they rebuffed repeatedly in their attempts to enjoy contact or reassurance

secure children

develop a confident faith in themselves and their caregivers

phemenological approach

subjective experience, personal constructs, culture, meaning in life, and positive psychology

phemenology

one's conscious experience of the world

construals

people have different perceptions of reality

free will

your personal agency and personal choices

existentialism

- a 20th-century philosophical movement in Europe - focuses on the conscious experience, free will, the meaning of life, and other basic questions of existence - the individual is what is important and is free to make life however they want

umwelt

the sensations you feel by being a biological organsim

mitwelt

consists of what you think and feel as a social being

eigenwelt

experience of the experience itself

optimistic toughness

it is your existential responsibility to face your angst

humanistic psychology

emphasis on self-awareness, introspection, will power, motivation, imagination, creativity, free will, and positive human potential

doctrine of original sin

- people are inherently bad - socalization inhibits sexual and aggressive ways

doctrine of innate purity

- people are innately good - we are born moral and pure - society corrupts us

Carl Rogers

assumed that phenomenology is central, people have free will, people are basically good, and people have an innate need to make themselves and the world better

self-actualization

people have one basic tendency and are striving to actualize, maintain, and enhance their own experience

client-centered therapy

- the therapist is congruent with the client - the therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard - the therapist shows empathetic understanding to the client

hierarchy of needs

- the human motivation - self-actualization is only active if the persons basic needs are met first

competence

desire to control outcomes and gain mastery

autonomy

desire to be a causal agent in one's own life

relatedness

desire to interact to be connected to others

self-determination theory

entails seeking deeper meaning to life by pursuing important goals, building relationships, being aware, and taking responsibility of ones life choices

intrinsic motivation

the inclination towards spontaneous interest, exploration, and mastery of new information, skills, and experiences

flow

- subjective experience of autotelic activity and the enjoyment itself - arises when the challenges of an activity present are well match with your skills

positive psychology

help people be creative and achieve their full potential

cross-cultural psychology

research that compares different cultures to understand them in their own terms

culture

______ influences how individuals differ from one another.

Why is cross-cultural psychology important?

- understanding cultural differences is important for increasing understanding - for assessing the degree to which psychology applies to people around the world - appreciating the possible varieties of human experience

generalizability

the degree to which the results of modern empirical research applies to humanity at large

group, between

Differences between members of a ______ are greater than differences _________ groups.

culture

- a shared meaning system - enduring a set of beliefs, values, and customs passed down from generation to generation

enculturation

process of socialization through which an individual acquires their native culture mainly in early life

acculturation

process of partially or fully acquiring a new cultural outlook

emics

aspects of a phenomenon that are specific to a particular culture

etics

aspects of a phenomenon that all cultures have in common

easy cultures

individuals can pursue many different goals that are easy to attain

tough cultures

only a few goals are viewed as valuable and few ways are available to achieve them

achievement vs. love affiliation

a central aspect of any culture is the degree to which they emphasize the need to achieve

complexity

each culture has their own rich patterns of interpersonal relationships and political struggles

tight cultures

- formal and disciplined - have clearly stated strong social norms - rebuke those that stray from the norm

loose cultures

- informal - have weak or ambiguous norms - tolerant of deviant behavior

strengths of the head

artistic excellence, creativity, curiosity, critical thinking, and learning

strengths of the heart

fairness, mercy, gratitude, hope, love, and religion

individualism

- valuing the individual self over groups and relationships - strive for personal achievement - emphasize self-esteem

collectivism

- valuing the group and relationship over the individual self - strive for group status - emphasize group harmony

mulitcultural

any individual who has been exposed to and internalized two or more sets of cultural experiences

bicultural identity integration

degree to which a bicultural individual perceives their two cultural identities as "compatible" vs. "oppositional"