World History Test 2 Vocab + Concepts

suffrage

the right to vote (was extended to all male citizens, rather than just property owners)

Robespierre

A shrewd lawyer and politician that quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety

Reign of Terror

Robespierre was a chief architect and it had hasty trials with quick executions

guillotine

a fast falling blade extinguished life instantly

Napoleon Bonaparte

A popular military hero who won a series of victories against the Austrians in Italy

Nationalism

a strong feeling of pride and devotion to one's country (spread in France)

Marseilles

A port city in France where the national anthem for France was created

plebiscite

popular vote by ballot

Napoleonic Code

A code of laws made by Napoleon that embodied Enlightenment principles

annexed

incorporated into his empire

Continental System

Economic warfare tactic where Napoleon closed European ports to British goods.

guerrilla warfare

Hit and run raids by the Spanish patriots on French supply trains and troops

scorched-earth policy

Russian war tactic where soldiers retreated and burned crops and villages as they went to weaken French troops

abdicated

to step down from power

Congress of Vienna

Heads of state of Europe sat down to discuss how to restore stability and order in Europe

legitimacy

restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated

Concert of Europe

A meeting in which the powers of Europe met periodically to discuss problems affecting peace in Europe

natural laws

laws that govern human nature

Enlightenment

revolution in thinking-through the use of reason, people and governments could solve every social, political, and economic problem. Heaven could be achieved on Earth.

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan, people naturally cruel, greedy, selfish, social contract, only a powerful government could control society, in the form of absolute monarchy.

John Locke

more optimistic, rejected absolute monarchy, wrote Treatises of Government, government had obligation to the people it government, people have the right to overthrow the government

social contract

agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society, put forth by Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau

natural rights

rights that belonged to all human from birth, these include the right to life, liberty, and property.

Baron de Montesquieu

wrote the Spirit of the Laws, separation of powers best way to protect liberty, came up with idea of checks and balances, studied government of Europe, sharp criticism of absolute monarchy, admired limited monarchy

philosophes

"lovers of wisdom", thinkers who believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society, from France

Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)

used biting wit to expose abuses of the day, targeted corrupt officials and ideal aristocrats, he battled inequality, injustice, and superstition, detested salve trade and deplore religious prejudice, defended freedom of speech, detested by the French government and the Catholic Church

Denis Diderot

produced a 28-volume Encyclopedia-purpose to change general way of thinking while explaining new ideas, Pope threatened to excommunicate those who read the encyclopedia...

Rousseau

most controversial philosophe, came from poor home, believed that people in their natural state were basically good, wrote The Social Contract, good of community above individuals, profound hatred of all forms of political and economic oppression

Mary Wolstonecraft

well known British social critic, women should decide what's in their own interest, only education could given women tools they need to compete with men, understanding but also critical, women do have duties, but should have right, philosophes leave them out

physiocrats

thinks focused on economic reforms, looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system, rejected Mercantilism, make the land more productive

laissez faire

allowing business to operate with little or no government interference

The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity, strong supporter of laissez faire, government has duty to protect society

How did the achievements of the Scientific Revolution contribute to the Enlightenment?

The Scientific Revolution transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world. Scientific successors convinced educated Europeans of the power of human reason. Using the methods of the new science, reformers set out to study human behavior and solve the problems of society.These methods known as the Scientific Revolution led to another revolution in thinking, the Enlightenment.

How did the philosophes influence ideas on society and the economy ?

They applied the methods of science to better understand and improve society. They spread the idea that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society. They spread these beliefs through articles, books, and freedom of speech.

censorship

restricting access to ideas and information, created by church and government to stop Enlightenment

Candide

a humorous novel by Voltaire,1759, that slyly uses the tale to expose the corruption and hypocrisy of European society.

salon

informal social gatherings at which writer, artist, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas, originated in 1600s

Madame Geoffrin

ran one of the most respected salons

baroque

grand, complex style of art that glorified huge battles or lives of saints, huge, colorful, and full of excitement

rococo

more toned down than baroque, personal, elegant, and charming

Johann Sebastian Bach

German Lutheran, wrote complex and beautiful religious work for organ choirs, baroque music

George Frederick Handel

another German born, spent most of life in England, wrote the Messiah

Franz Joseph Haydn

important figure in the development of classical music, helped develop string quartet and symphony

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

child prodigy, composer and performer, wrote operas, symphony, and religious music, musical genius played in salons

Daniel Defoe

wrote the Robinson Crusoe and exciting tale about a sailor shipwrecked on a tropical island

Enlightened despot

absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change

Frederick II (or the Great)

Prussia king, 1740-1786, made government more efficient, religious tolerance, had Voltaire develop the Prussia academy of science

Catherine II (or the Great)

Russian Empress, 1762, granted nobles charter of rights, criticized serfdom, was an enlightenment despot

Joseph II

Hapsburg emperor in Austria, son and successor of Maria Theresa, disguised himself as a peasant to learn about problems people were facing "peasant emperor", abolished serfdom, sold property of clergy to build hospital, religious toleration to Protestants

Explain how each of the following affected the spread of new ideas: (a) censorship (b) salons.

Do to censorship writers began to disguise their opinions in works of writing in order to not have them burned, this allowed people to learn about new ideas and be able to spread them. The salons allowed people to meet and discuss ideas with each other spreading new ideas.

What were the goals of enlightened despots?

The goals of the enlightened despots was to bring political and social change.

How did the Enlightenment affect (a) arts and literature (b) the lives of the majority?

The arts evolved to meet changing taste. Courtly art and architecture were either in the Greek and Roman traditions or in baroque. Later game rococo. A new audience, the middle class, emerged with its own requirements. New kinds of musical entertainment evolved and literature developed new forms and wide audience. The lives of the majority did not change but the culture changed very slowly

How did the philosophes influence the enlightened despots?

The philosophes wanted to convince the ruling class that reform was necessary. The despots were the rulers they convinced. The philosophes persuaded the despots that equality and liberty were things worth working towards.

Why did it take so long for Enlightened ideas to reach most Europeans?

serfdom and resistance from some peasants slowed Enlightenment through the masses.

George III

English monarch at the time of the American Revolution. He worked to reassert royal power, dissolve the cabinet system, and make Parliment obey his will. Many of his policies were disasterous.

Stamp Act

Imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets. It was created to help pay for the Seven Years' War and The French and Indian War.

Treaty of Paris

The treaty in which Britain acknowledged the independence of the USA. French, British, American diplomats signed it to end the war.

James Madison

An American that helped write the constitution. He was greatly respected and later became the 4th president of the USA. His notebooks are our main sourse of info on the creation of the constitution.

George Washington

This man was chosen to lead the American Army. He worked to incorporate order and disipline into his soldiers and to give them pride and loyalty. After the War, he became the USA's 1st president.

Thomas Jefferson

A Virginian that was the principle author of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration echoed John Locke's ideas on natural rights and popular sovereignty.

Ben Franklin

An American philosopher, scientist, publisher, legislator, and diplomat sent by congress to France to seek military and financial support. He became very popular in France. When he returned to America, he served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention.

federal republic

A type of gov't with power divided between the nat'l gov't and the states. In the case of the USA, the power is divided still further, into branches: executive, judical, and legislative.

popular sovereignty

A principle that states that all gov't power comes from the people.

Outline the events leading to the American Revolution.

1) Stamp Act. 2) Boston Massacre. 3) Boston Tea Party. 4) Constitutional Congress is formed. 5) The colonists declare independence from Britain.

Summerize the events and signifigance of the American Revolution.

1) The colonists declare independence from Britan=Start of the war. 2) The Battle of Saratoga=turning point in the war, persuaded France to help (the USA) in the war effort, then more European countries decided to help too. 3) The British surrender to Washington at Yorktown=British war effort crumbled. 4) Treaty of Paris=ends the war, Britan recognizes American independence.

Yorktown, Virginia

Where the British army surrendered to Washington, causing the British war effort to crumble.

How did the US constitution reflect the ideas of the Enlightenment?

In the Constitution there are: 3 branches of Gov't (Montesquieu) Natural Rights are protected (Locke) Bill of Rights (Philosophe's ideas in general)

Bastille

Royal fortress that was overran successfully by peasants that sparked the French Revolution...peasants took thousands of rifles and tons of gunpowder

Lous XVI (16th)

Absolute King of France when they revolution started...he resists key reforms ..and was executed on charges of treason

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France dominated by clergy and nobles

Versailles Palace

Site in French countryside of great opulence that Louis XVI and Marie were taken from by peasant force back to Paris

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

French Constitution of 1791

a constitution adopted during the French Revolution that established a constitutional monarchy in France.

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

Gulliotine

device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading

Robespierre

leader of the Committee of Public Safety; chief architect of the Reign of Terror

Marat

Danton, George

A radical supporter and close ally of Robespierre who was eventually declared a traitor; he was executed the guillotine

Committee for Public Safety

Led by Maximilien Robespierre, its chief task was to protect the revolution from its enemies. Under Robespierre's rule, the committee killed more than 20,000 people.

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

Napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)... Grew French Nationalist Spirit...Great Successes who ultimately was defeated on the battlefield

corsica

Island where Napoleon was born

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

Plebiscite

A direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

Joesphine Bonaparte

First wife of Napoleon

guerilla warfare tactics

hit and run technique named after Spanish attack on Napoleon's troops in Spain

Napoleon's invasion of Russia

failure due to the Russian winter and scorched earth policy

Elba

The tiny island that Napoleon was granted after his abdication. Off the coast of Italy.

St. Helena Island

A remote island in the South Atlantic where Napoleon was sent in his second exile, dying there six years later

ideologies

systems of thought and belief

Conservaties of the early 1800s view

Wanted royal families to be restored to thrones and backed established churches. Natural rights and constitutional govs lead to chaos

Metternich

A convservative leader that sought to suppress revolutionary ideas opposed freedom of tee press, crushed protests in their own countries, used troops to mitigate rebellions in neighboring areas

liberal people

generally middle class bourgeois(business owners, bankers, lawyers, etc.)

Liberal view on gov

favored a republican government over monarchy (limit monarch by constitution) wanted gov to protect basic rights

universal manhood suffrage

gives all adult men the right to vote (supported by liberals later in the century)

liberal economic views

supported laissez faire economics of Adam Smith and David Ricardo. free market seen as capitalist opportunity

nationalism

gave people with a common heritage a sense of identity and the goal of creating their own homeland

Early 1800s revolutionaries

rebellions erupted in the Balkan Peninsula (Lived under Ottoman rule and wanted to break free)

Karageorge

The Serb leader that conducted one of the first revolts in the 1800s spurred by nationalism

Serbian revolt (1st time) 1804-1813

Struggle was unsuccessful (fostered sense of Serbian identity) revival of literature and culture aided nationalism

Miles Obrenovic

Led Serbs in a second more successful rebellion (asked Russia for help)

Serbian revolt (2nd time) 1815-1830

A more successful rebellion than the last one (piloted by Miles Obrenovic). Russian support was key to winning

autonomy

a state of self rule (generally about a state or territory from a country)

Russian role in Balkan rebellions

Russians supported the Serbs and defended Serbian interests and other events in teh Balkans

Greek revolution 1821

Years of suffering and long wars shaped national identity. Romantic writers aided the fight.

European southern fringe

Several territories aid the Greeks in gaining independence from the Ottomans but instated a German king (wrong intentions)

Metternich's view on rebellions

Urged conservative rulers to crush rebellions and suppress revolts.

Social reformers and agitators

pushed socialist ideals and property ownership in the mid 1800s

Charter of French Liberties

Two-house legislature that allowed freedom of press

Charles X

inheritor of the french throne. believed in absolutism. took away freedom of press, legislature, and limited right to vote

radicals views on Charles X

radicals were enraged by Charles' actions. attacks conducted on soldiers in streets and retook Paris

Louis Phillipe

after the tyrannical rule of Charles X, he was instated as King (constitutional monarchy) nicknamed the citizen king

Louis Phillipe Gov and Times

Upper bourgeoisie prospered and suffrage extended to wealthy citizens

Belgians in 1830

Belgians were forced to be united under the Dutch king. they didn't like this. different languages, religious views, economic structure

Belgian revolt

rebolt by students and workers. Supported by Britain and France. won rebellion and gained independance

Polish revolts

Not successful and most of power was handed to Russia

French revolt again 1848 (how many times goddamn)

Louis Philippe's actions caused a recession. Streets were blocked by common objects in "February Days". King abdicated and Second Republic take control.

recession

a period of reduced economic activity

working class loses out 1848

national workshops shut down, another rebellion shutdown, middle class distrusted socialists, working class hated bourgeoisie

Second Republic

1 strong president and 1 house legislature. votes to all adult men

Louis Napoleon

Nephew of OG Napoleon. said he cared about social issues ex. poverty. Self proclaimed emperor Napoleon III

Napoleon III government...

used plebiscite to win public approval. majority supported Second Empire. prosperity and contentment increase

Napoleon III adventures

conducted foreign adventures that brought down empire ending french leadership

Austrian empire revolts

major cities had revolts. books smuggled and propaganda spread.

Louis Kossuth

journalist that led Hungarian revolts in Budapest

Italian/ Hapsburg domination revolts

revolts and expulsion of pope. french restore pope later

German revolts

Even more student revolts. King heeded to constitutions/assemblies for only 1year.

Frankfurt Assembly

proposed offer to king to have crown of united Germany. rejected by king

end of revolutionary time period

1850. military power and removed constitutions led to dissolution of most rebellions

Franco-Prussian War

ended a long period of French domination of Europe. third republic rose from ashes.

Ferdinand de Lesseps

organized teh building of the Suez canal in Egypt to link Mediterranean with Indian ocean and red sea

Maximilian

an Austrian Hapsburg Prince that sat on the Mexican throne. Napoleon wanted to turn it into a French sattelite

Maximilian in Mexico

Mexican patriots killed him and secured their land back.

Otto von Bismarck

the Prussian leader that manipulated the French and went to war in 1870 with them

After Napoleon's capture

provisional government setup that evolved into Third Republic

provisional government

a temporary government that shortly evolves or changes

Alsace and Lorraine

French provinces that were lost to Germany

Paris Commune

rejected harsh peace that was signed with Germany. was dissolved by National Assembly after forceful intervention

Third Republic structure

2 house legislature. Chamber of Deputies and Senate. president was a figurehead. premier had most power

premier

prime minister

coalitions

alliances of various parties

Political Scandalse

Due ot the weak nature of the coalition based government parties Georges Boulanger, president's nephew, etc. scandals

Alfred Dreyfus

High ranking army officer accused for spying for Germany. Anti-semitism provoked this accusation

Anti-semitism

the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people

Dreyfus affair

scarred French politics and society for decades. Dreyfus supporters oppressed and accused

Emile Zola

convicted of libel due to charging army/gov with suppression of truth

libel

the knowing publication of false and damaging statements

Theodor Herzl

Called for jews to form separate state with rights

Zionism

a movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine. Herzl helped

French followed suit with Germany

church schools shut down, no special treatment based on religion

women's rights in late 1800s early 1900s

people like Jeanne-Elizabeth Schmahl founded French Union for Women's Suffrage. Men didn't agree since they were against women's ideals on church etc.